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RABENORT'S GEOGRAPHY 


EUROPE 


BY 

WILLIAM RABENORT, A.M., Ph.D. 

PRINCIPAL OF PUBLIC SCHOOL 55, THE BRONX 
THE CITY OF NEW YORK 



REVISED EDITION 


AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 

NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO BOSTON ATLANTA 

c / ^ ^ 









' VV5 

\an o 


Copyright, 1912, 1915, by 
WILLIAM RABENORT 

Copyright, 1921, 1924, by 
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 

w. p. 17 


a 


The Globe Geography—Europe. 
Copyright, 1910 , by Globe School Book Company. 

m 29 *24 


©Cl A 7 93077 



Preface 


This book is written with the hope that it may give 
the girls and boys who read it a permanent liking for the 
study of the world in which they live. A great geogra¬ 
pher called the earth 4 ‘the home of man,” and his charac¬ 
terization is taken as the fundamental concept for this 
geography. 

Inanimate nature as well as the flora and fauna of the 
earth have strong influences upon the life and customs of 
the human race, and are therefore of high interest to 
those who would understand themselves and their fellow 
men. These influences are varied. Every country cher¬ 
ishes the places associated with its history, literature, 
and art; beautiful and majestic scenery attracts travel¬ 
ers to the most remote regions; natural forces impose 
conditions upon man which affect his welfare and to 
which he must adjust himself. But, however potent these 
aspects of the earth may be, there is probably nothing in 
the world of greater interest than the people who inhabit 
it. A knowledge of their habits and customs, their homes 
and other buildings, their occupations, and their dealings 
with people of other lands is needed by the boy or girl 
who would understand and enjoy the newspaper or 
magazine, the story book, biography, history, or volume 
of travel; the sermon, speech, or lecture. 

The ability to locate the scene of an event, past or cur¬ 
rent, is basic to general culture. It implies the ability 
to read a map, and its development is greatly aided by 
practice in rapidly sketching the chief features of a coun- 

y 


VI 


PREFACE 


try or grand division. Graphic representation only of 
location or other physiographical facts is insufficient; 
boys and girls should also acquire the ability to state 
these facts in words. The questions and exercises of 
this book provide for instruction in both forms of expres¬ 
sion. The movement of people toward the great centers 
of population is characteristic of modern society, and 
the leading cities of Europe have been accorded consider¬ 
able space in this volume. Railway and steamship lines 
are given fuller treatment than is usual in elementary 
textbooks. It is believed that such an account of the 
facts of geography has been given as shall furnish clear, 
coherent and reasonable answers to those questions con¬ 
cerning cause and consequence which occur to the intelli¬ 
gent reader. 

By the courtesy of Dr. George Sargent, Secretary of 
the American Museum of Natural History, the picture on 
page 154 is reproduced from a negative belonging to the 
Museum; the pictures on pages 143 and 168 are repro¬ 
duced with the permission of D. Appleton & Co.; that on 
page 180 was furnished by Mr. Jacob H. Rohrbach. Ac¬ 
knowledgment is also made to Mr. Frederick Schwan- 
hausser, Sr., for illustrations not otherwise credited. 

The author finds it impossible to express adequately 
in these pages his obligation to many friends and col¬ 
leagues for assistance and advice generously given in 
the preparation of this book, and must confine himself 
to a conventional acknowledgment of indebtedness to 
Miss Clotilde Victorine Cliavent, Miss Sophia Regina 
Borger, Miss Margaret Aitkin, Mr. Oswald Schlockow, 
Mr. Claude L. West, Mr. Albert F. Chadwick, Mr. George 
H. Chatfield, Mr. John R. Wilson and Mr. John W. Davis. 


W. R. 


Contents 


PAGE 

INTRODUCTION. r 

PART I.—EUROPE AS A WHOLE 

I. The Physiography of Europe . 9 

II. People and Products. 27 

PART II.—THE GREAT POWERS . 39 

III. The British Isles. 41 

The British Empire. 41 

Great Britain. 44 

England. 45 

Wales. 58 

Scotland. 59 

Ireland. 64 

IV. France. 68 

V. Italy. 87 

VI. Germany. 106 

VII. Russia. 125 

PART III. MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 

VIII. Poland and the Baltic Republics. 137 

IX. Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. 143 

X. The Iberian Peninsula.. 149 

Spain. 155 

Portugal. 160 

XI. Roumania and the Balkan Peninsula. 163 

Roumania. 163 

The Balkan Peninsula. 166 

Jugoslavia. 168 

Albania. 170 

Bulgaria. 172 

Turkey. 174 

Greece. 176 

XII. Switzerland. 180 

XIII. Belgium. 187 

XIV. The Netherlands. 193 

XV. Denmark. 201 

Iceland. 204 

vii 



































Vlll 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

XVI. Scandinavia. 2 °6 

Norway. 2 °8 

Sweden.. 211 

SUMMARY AND COMPARISON . 215 


List of Maps 


The Eastern Hemisphere. Frontispiece 

The World, Mercator’s Projection.Page 4 

Europe—Political Divisions. “ 6, 7 

Relief and Drainage. “ 10 

Physical Features. “ 14 

Isotherms, Winds and Ocean Currents. “ 23 

Distribution of Rainfall. “ 25 

Productions. “ 30 

Principal Railroads and Steamship Lines. “ 36 

Coal and Iron Mines. “ 47 

Distribution of Manufacture.. “ 84 

Beet Culture. “ 112 

British Isles. “ 42 

France, Belgium and Netherlands. “ 70 

Italy and Switzerland. “ 88 

Germany. “ 106 

Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, and the Baltic States “ 136 

Iberian Peninsula. “ 150 

The Balkan Countries and Roumania. “ 164 

Norway, Sweden and Denmark. “ 202 


Index 


217 


Appendix—Reference Maps .Pages x, xii, xiv, xvi, xviii, xx, xxii, xxiv 

Tables for Reference .Pages xi, xiii, xv, xvii, xix, xxi, xxiii 



























EUROPE 


INTRODUCTION 

The Eastern Hemisphere contains most of the land 
upon the globe. As in the Western Hemisphere, the land 
is nearer to the North Pole than to the South Pole. 
The northern land mass, or grand division, is Eurasia. 
Southeast of it lies the island or continent of Australia, 
the smallest of the grand divisions. To the southwest 
is Africa, joined to Eurasia by the Isthmus of Suez. 
The Suez Canal, which connects the Mediterranean Sea 
and the Red Sea, is an artificial waterway separating 
the two grand divisions. 

The five oceans surround the land of the Eastern Hem¬ 
isphere, and one of them, the Indian Ocean, is wholly 
in that half of the globe. The other four extend into the 
Western Hemisphere. 

The Eastern Hemisphere is known as the Old World, 
to distinguish it from the New World, or America, the 
Western Hemisphere, discovered by Columbus in 1492 
a.d. The history of the Old World goes back more than 
four thousand years before that date. This is shown 
by written documents from Asia and Africa, which 
date at least as early as 2500 b.c. The highest civiliza¬ 
tion, however, has been reached in the northwestern sec¬ 
tion of Eurasia. This section, which is called Europe, 
lies north of Africa, and is separated from the main mass 
of Eurasia, which is called Asia, by the Ural Mountains, 
the Ural River, the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus Moun- 

1 


2 


INTRODUCTION 


tains. It has long been customary to regard Europe 
and Asia as separate grand divisions, although they form 
one continuous land mass. This traditional >and com¬ 
mon-sense view is on the whole justifiable. Europe has 
played a commanding part in both ancient and modern 
history. From it as a center of culture, the New World 
has received its civilization. The science and study of 
geography had its origin in Europe. Even now Asia is 
but slowly reaching out to a knowledge of the other 
continents. 


Questions 

(Turn to the frontispiece map.) 

1. What grand division of the Eastern Hemisphere 
is south of the Equator? 

2. What grand divisions are north of the Equator ? 

3 . What grand division is partly north and partly 
south of the Equator? 

4 . Is most of the land of the Eastern Hemisphere 
north or south of the Equator? 

5 . Which grand divisions extend south of the Tropic 
of Capricorn? 

6. In what zone are the southern parts of these grand 
divisions ? 

7 . Which grand divisions of the Eastern Hemisphere 
extend north of the Arctic Circle? 

8. In what zone are their northern parts? 

9 . Which grand division is in three zones? 

10. Name the three zones in which it lies. 


EURASIA 

Eurasia, from east to west, is the widest land mass in 
the world. The continuous distance from the Bay of 
Biscay to the Japan Sea is about 6,000 miles. The prin¬ 
cipal highlands of Eurasia approach close to the chief 
highlands of North America at Bering Strait, and follow 


INTRODUCTION 


3 


the shores of the Pacific and Indian oceans. From these 
main highlands a spur branches toward the west, and 
extends along the northern shore of the Mediterranean 
Sea until it terminates at the Atlantic Ocean. This spur 
constitutes the principal highlands of Europe. Like the 
Asiatic mountains, they are young, and consequently are 
high and rugged. 


Questions 

(Turn to the frontispiece map.) 

1 . From what line are parallels of latitude numbered ? 

2 . What parallel passes through the Mediterranean 
Sea? 

3 . Is it in north or south latitude? 

4 . What parallel passes through Madagascar? 

5 . Is it in north or south latitude? 

6. What shape have parallels of latitude? (Study p 
globe.) 

7 . How do they compare in size with the Equator? 

8. What place north of the Equator has the highest 
latitude ? 

9 . What place south of the Equator has the highest 
latitude ? 

10. What is the latitude of places on the Equator? 

Exercises 

On a slated globe, or wooden ball, represent the 
Equator. Represent two parallels in north latitude, and 
number them. Represent the parallel of 45 ° S. Lat. 
Explain why they are called parallels. 

Questions 

1 . Find the meridian of 0 ° longitude. Through what 
part of Europe does it pass ? 

2 . What meridian passes through the Red Sea ? 

3 . In what direction is this meridian from the me¬ 
ridian of 0° ? 



4 



























































































INTRODUCTION 


5 


4 . Is it in east or west longitude? 

5 . Which grand divisions are partly in east longitude 
and partly in west longitude? 

6. Which grand division is wholly in east longitude? 

7 . What meridian passes through Madagascar? 

8. Is it in east or west longitude? 

9 . Through what grand divisions does the meridian 
of 130 ° east longitude pass? 

10. Are meridians all of the same size? What is the 
shape of a meridian? (Study a globe.) 


Exercises 

On a slated globe, or wooden ball, represent two 
meridians exactly opposite each other. Show what figure 
the two meridians form. 

If one meridian is 20 ° E. what is the other? If one is 
120 ° E. what is the other? If one is 96 ° W. what is the 
other? 


Questions 

I 

(Turn to the map, pages 6, 7 .) 

1. What ocean is north of Europe? What arm of 
this ocean indents the northern coast? 

2 . What ocean is west of Europe? What two seas 
indent the western coast? What bay? 

3 . In what direction is the Mediterranean Sea from 
Europe? 

4 . To what ocean is it joined? By what strait? 

5 . What waters join the Black and Mediterranean 
seas? 

n 

(Turn to the map, page 4 .) 

1. In what grand division is 30 ° south latitude and 
150 ° east longitude? 

2 . In what grand division is 60 ° north latitude and 
30 ° east longitude? 

3 . Where is 70 ° north latitude, 70 ° east longitude? 





















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8 


INTRODUCTION 


4 . Where is 0 ° latitude, 0 ° longitude? 

5. Where is 35 ° S., 50 ° E.? 

6. What is the approximate latitude and longitude of 
San Francisco? 

7 . What is the approximate latitude and longitude of 
the Isthmus of Suez? 

8. What is the approximate latitude and longitude of 
Iceland ? 

9 . Between what parallels does Eurasia lie? 

10 . Between what meridians does Eurasia lie? 

Exercises 

Draw from memory, in a circle, as large as possible, a 
map of the Eastern Hemisphere. Show the Equator and 
shade Europe. 

Mark the parallels which divide the zones, and write 
their names. 

Do this in two minutes. 


PART I.-EUROPE AS A WHOLE 

CHAPTER I 

THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF EUROPE 

Location. Europe is nearly in the center of th§ land 
masses of the world. This position enables Europeans 
the more easily to carry on business in every quarter of 
the globe. Three thousand miles away, across the North 
Atlantic, lies North America. South America, by reason 
of its projection eastward, is about the same distance 
from the ports of southwestern Europe. The voyage to 
the west coasts of North and South America is made 
through the Panama Canal. Africa lies across the Medi¬ 
terranean Sea. Southern Asia and Australia are reached 
by way of the Suez Canal and the Red Sea. The ports of 
those regions on the Pacific Ocean can also be reached 
through the Panama Canal. 

Size. Excepting Australia, Europe is the smallest 
grand division. Its area, including the islands near by, is 
nearly 3 , 900,000 square miles. It is about the same size 
as the United States. 

Questions 

I 

1. What island in the Arctic Ocean north of Europe? 

2 . What large island in the North Atlantic west of 
Europe ? 

3. What is the chief group of islands on the coast of 
Europe f 


9 



10 



















THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF EUROPE 


11 


4 . Wliat waters separate them from the mainland? 

5 . Name five islands in the Mediterranean Sea. 
Name two groups of islands. 

6 . Which are the two largest islands east of Sicily? 
Which are the two largest islands west of Sicily? 

7 . Where are the Lofoden Islands? 

8 . In what direction from Asia Minor are the islands 
of the AEgean Sea? 

9 . Where are the Shetland Islands? 

10 . What is the most northern point on the mainland 
of Europe? 

11 . What two capes in southwestern Europe? 

II 

1 . Wliat waters inclose the Scandinavian Peninsula? 

2 . Between what seas is the Danish Peninsula? 

3 . What waters are on the coasts of the Spanish 
Peninsula? 

4 . Name the waters which surround the Italian Pen¬ 
insula. 

5 . What waters inclose the Grecian Peninsula? 

6 . On which peninsula are the Kiolen Mountains? 

7 . What mountains are on the north of the Spanish 
Peninsula ? 

8 . What mountains extend along the Italian Penin¬ 
sula? 

9 . Where are the Balkan Mountains? 

10 . What mountains are between the Black and' Cas¬ 
pian seas? 

Coast Line. Long peninsulas extending into the sea, 
and long arms of the sea reaching far into the land, 
make the coast line of Europe enormous in length, and 
afford it commercial advantages superior to those of the 
rest of the world. These irregularities are caused by 
the sinking of the land. In proportion to its area, Europe 
has far more indentations than any other grand divi¬ 
sion. Europe has 20,000 miles of coast line, Asia has 
38,000 miles, and North America has 27,500 miles. Asia 


12 


EUROPE AS A WHOLE 


lias about two miles of coast to every 1,000 square miles 
of area; Europe has more than five miles of coast to 
every 1,000 square miles of area. 

The largest peninsula is the Scandinavian, separated 
from the mainland by the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of 
Bothnia, and from the Danish Peninsula (or Jutland) by 
the strait whose two divisions are called the Skager-Rak 
and the Kattegat (page 6). 

The Spanish (or Iberian) Peninsula and the other 
peninsulas of southern Europe are mountainous. 

The Italian Peninsula is formed by the Apennines, 
which extend southeast from the Alps. 



Copyright, by Underwood <£• Underwood. 

The Balkan Mountains. 


The Grecian Peninsula is the most irregular of all. 
A much larger area, extending north to the Danube 
River, is sometimes called the Balkan Peninsula. This 
is separated from the Italian Peninsula by the Adriatic 
and Ionian seas, and from Asia by the Black Sea, the 
Aegean Sea, and the chain of waters consisting of the 





THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF EUROPE 


13 


Bosporus, Sea of Marmora and the Dardanelles (pages 
6, 7). At the south of this peninsula the sinking of the 
coast has submerged many mountains, whose rocky tops, 
projecting above the waters of the HCgean Sea, form the 
picturesque Grecian Archipelago. 

The British Isles are separated from tne mainland of 
Europe by the North Sea, the English Channel and the 
Strait of Dover, the latter being only 21 miles wide. At 
a remote age these islands were joined to the continent, 
as in a still earlier age southern Europe was joined to 
northern Africa. 

The bottom of the Atlantic Ocean slopes upward grad¬ 
ually like the side of a plateau. Between the western 
shore of Europe and the British Isles, the ocean is com¬ 
paratively shallow, its depth being but a few hundred 
feet. This and the neighboring parts of the ocean bot¬ 
tom may be regarded as a part of Europe which has 
been overflowed by the sea. Such a part of the ocean 
bottom is called a Continental Shelf. 

A long, crooked arm of the Atlantic Ocean reaches in 
between southern Europe and northern Africa. It sepa¬ 
rates those two grand divisions and extends east 2,200 
miles to Asia. It is the Mediterranean Sea, so called 
because it lies in the midst of the surrounding land's 
(medi means mid; terra means land). The narrow 
Strait of Gibraltar connects the Mediterranean with the 
ocean. The shores of the Mediterranean Sea, with those 
of the Caribbean, rank next to those of the Pacific Ocean 
as a region of volcanoes and earthquakes. 

Questions 

(Turn to the maps, pages 6, 10.) 

1. What is the most western longitude of Ireland? 
Of Iceland? How many degrees farther west is Ice¬ 
land? 



14 


Longitude West 0 East from 10 Greenwich 




































THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF EUROPE 


15 


2. Name the long and narrow peninsulas of Europe. 

3. Which of them are mountainous? 

4. Name the mountain range, if any, on each penin¬ 
sula and state its direction. 

5. Name the broad peninsulas. 

6. Name the principal mountain ranges in each and 
state their direction. 


Exercises 

Sketch from memory an outline map of Europe. 

Make a list of the principal islands on the coast of 
Europe. 

Trace a voyage by sea from Petrograd to Odessa, 
and make a list of the waters through which you would 
pass. 



A vessel in a Norwegian fiord. 


Surface. Europe consists of a mountainous region in 
the south, and a great central plain bordered on the 
northwest and east by low mountains. 

Highlands. In the northwest of Europe, that is, in the 
Scandinavian Peninsula and in Scotland, the mountain 






16 EUROPE AS A WHOLE 

ranges are old, and greatly worn by weathering. 
They are flat-topped, and are noted for their deep valleys, 
which extend to the sea. As the coast has snnk, the ocean 
has drowned the valleys, which are known as fiords in 
Norway and firths in Scotland. Farther south, where the 
mountains are not so near the coast, the same process has 
produced the great estuaries of the Gironde and the 
Thames, and separated the British Isles from the main¬ 
land. 

The Ural Mountains extend from north to south, like 
the northwestern mountains, and form in part the eastern 
boundary of Europe. 


Mt. Blanc and the Valley of Chamonix. > 

The loftiest mountains of Europe are found in the 
south. They extend in various directions, though the 
highest ranges, the Alps, the Caucasus, the Pyrenees, the 
Carpathians and the Balkans, extend from east to west. 

The Alps are the highest mountains wholly in Europe, 
the highest peak, Mt. Blanc, in France, being over 15,000 





THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF EUROPE 17 

feet above sea level. The Alps are noted for the grandeur 
of their snow-covered peaks, beautiful lakes, deep valleys, 
and for their extensive and numerous glaciers. 


The Rhone glacier. 

Glaciers are great masses of ice formed from the snow 
which accumulates in the high valleys. The glaciers 
slowly but continually force their way down the moun¬ 
tains, and, melting at the lower end, become the sources 
of rivers. Three of Europe’s principal rivers, the Rhine, 
the Rhone and the Po, have their sources in Alpine 
glaciers. The “Mer de Glace” (sea of ice) on Mt. Blanc 
is the most famous glacier in the Alps. 

Questions 

(Turn to the map, pages 6, 7.) 

1. What meridian passes along the Ural Mountains? 

2. In what direction do meridians extend? 

3. In what direction do the Ural Mountains extend? 

4. In what direction do the Pyrenees extend? 




18 


EUROPE AS A WHOLE 



Exercises 

Sketch a map of Europe, and indicate the highlands 
and the lowlands by shading. 

Make a list of the mountain ranges which extend east 
and west. 

Make a list of the mountain ranges which do not extend 
east and west. State the direction of each range. 


Copyright, hy Underwood & Underwood. 

A wheat field in Germany. A part of the great plain of Europe. 

lowlands. The great plain of Europe covers two thirds 
of the grand division. It extends from the Arctic Ocean 
to the Black Sea, and from the Ural Mountains to the 
Bay of Biscay and southern England. By the sinking of 
the land a part of the plain was submerged, and thus the 
shallow Baltic and North seas were formed. In the Neth¬ 
erlands the plain dips below the sea, and the people of 




THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF EUROPE 


19 


that country spend enormous sums yearly in maintaining 
dikes to keep the waters of the North Sea from flood¬ 
ing their land. On the other hand, the eastern part of 
the great plain, which covers almost all of Russia, is so 
flat as to show that it was at one time beneath the sea. 
So level is the Russian plain that the rivers, in their 
course from source to mouth, fall only a few inches to the 
mile. 



A mountain torrent, Norway. 


Drainage. Because some of the mountain ranges ex¬ 
tend north and south, and others east and west, the sur¬ 
face is divided into a number of small river basins. 

The central watershed is the Alps. The rivers which 
rise there find widely distant outlets. On the northeast 
is a branch of the Danube, which flows eastward to the 
Black Sea; on the south are tributaries of the Po, which 
flows eastward into the Adriatic; the Rhine flows north 
into the North Sea, and the Rhone makes its way south¬ 
ward into the Mediterranean. 





20 


EUROPE AS A WHOLE 



Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

The upper Danube. 

Most of the rivers flow through broad plains, and are 
available for navigation. They give access to the interior 
and aid commerce. To this fine system of natural water¬ 
ways the enterprising Europeans have added canals to 
join the lakes and rivers, availing themselves of the plains 
that intervene. Thus it is possible to travel by water 
across Europe from the North and Baltic seas to the 
Caspian and Black seas, thence to the eastern Mediter¬ 
ranean, and from the western Mediterranean to return 
northward by rivers and connecting canals. 

Several long rivers rise in the Valdai Hills and the 
height of land which extends northeast from them. 

Some of the streams in the mountains of Scandinavia 
and Switzerland afford abundant water power. 




THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF EUROPE 


21 


Questions 

(Turn to the map, pages 6, 7.) 

1. What is the source of a river? 

2. What is the mouth of a river ? 

3. At what part of its course is a river widest? Why? 

4. How is this shown on a map? 

5. What are the tributaries of a river ? 

6. How many important tributaries has the Volga 
River along its right bank? 

7. How many along its left bank? 

8. What is the current of a river? 

9. What is the longest river of Europe ? 

10. Trace the course of the Danube River. 

Note .—In tracing the course of a stream begin at its 
source and end at its mouth. 



The Matterhorn and Riffel Lake, Switzerland. 






22 


EUROPE AS A WHOLE 


Europe, like North America, has many lakes. In the 
very distant past a great glacier or ice sheet covered the 
northern lands, and spread out southward. As the ice was 
forced along over the ground, it collected great masses 
of earth and rocks, and carried them long distances. 
When it melted the earth and rocks were left on the land, 
covering plains with new soil, and sometimes forming 
rounded hills. When deposited in valleys the earth and 
rocks often acted as dams to hold back the streams, thus 
forming lakes. There are many such lakes, especially in 
the Alps, in Scandinavia, and in the British Isles. Other 
lakes collect in hollows left in the glacial deposits. 

Lake Ladoga is the largest body of fresh water in 
Europe. It is about the same size as Lake Ontario. 

Questions 

(Turn to the map, page 14.) 

1. Why are rivers represented by irregular lines? 
What do the irregularities show? 

2. How high is the source of the Rhine River ? 

3. How high is its mouth? 

4. In what direction does the Rhine River flow ? 

5. What makes it flow in that direction? 

6. What is a delta ? 

7. Why is it so called? 

8. How is a delta formed? 

9. How is a delta sometimes represented on a map ? 

10. Name two European rivers that have deltas. 

Exercise 

Draw a map of Europe. Mark the mountain ranges 
and show the important rivers. 

Climate. Europe has the most temperate, equable and 
healthful climate of all the grand divisions on the globe. 

We may divide Europe into three climatic belts. The 
northern part, a region of tundras, or frozen swamps, has 


THE PHYSIOGEAPHY OF EUROPE 


23 



a cold, bleak climate. South of this, and due east of 
Canada, is a forest belt where the climate is temperate, 
not unlike that of the northern United States, and condu¬ 
cive to the growth of grains. The southern portion of 
Europe, which is in about the same latitude as that part 
of the United States between Massachusetts and Virginia, 
has a subtropical climate, and produces such fruits as figs, 
oranges, lemons, dates and olives, which, on the Atlantic 
coast of our country, if found at all, are found only in 
Florida. From this we see that the climate of Europe is 
milder than that of the countries in the same latitude on 
the opposite side of the Atlantic. 

Great bodies of water moderate the cold of winter 
and the heat of summer. Water does not become heated 
so quickly as does land; it also gives out heat more slowly 
than land. Land absorbs heat and also radiates it quicker 
than does water. In summer land is warmer than the 






24 


EUROPE AS A WHOLE 


bodies of water which are near it, and in winter it is 
colder than the adjacent bodies of water. 

Winds blowing from the water to the land are cooler 
in summer than the land, and lower its temperature. In 
winter such winds are warmer than the land; so they make 
the land warmer than it otherwise would be. The winds 



Copyright, "by Underwood & Underwood. 
Scene in the south of France. 


thus make the temperature of the land and of the water 
more nearly alike. They also make the summer and win¬ 
ter temperature of the land more nearly uniform. For 
these reasons they are said to exert an equalizing effect 
upon climate. Places near the water are warmer in 
winter and cooler in summer than those farther away 
from the water. 

The prevailing winds of Europe blow from the south¬ 
west. The heat of the warm Gulf Stream is brought 




THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF EUROPE 


25 


by the vapor-laden westerlies to western Europe. As 
they progress inland, they gradually lose heat and mois¬ 
ture. The warm westerly drift of the Atlantic bathes the 
shores of western Europe and in winter keeps the har¬ 
bors free from ice. Hence the coast of western Europe 
is moister and warmer than the interior in the same lati¬ 
tude, a condition similar to that found along the Pacific 
coast of the United States. In summer the westerly 
winds make western Europe cooler than it would other¬ 
wise be, for then the temperature over the water is cooler 
than that on land. * 

Southern Europe is affected by the hot winds from the 
Sahara, which blow across the Mediterranean Sea. 

The cold winds from the Arctic regions blow unim¬ 
peded across the Russian plain in winter to the very 
center of Europe, freezing great portions of Russia and 
harbors on the Baltic Sea and its branches. 

If it were not for the east to west direction of the 







26 


EUROPE AS A WHOLE 


lofty mountains the climate would not he so equable, 
nor would the rainfall be so well distributed. Unhindered 
by barriers and helped by the long arms of the ocean, the 
westerlies reach far into the interior, tempering the 
climate and gradually yielding their moisture. Only in 
the eastern part of Russia, which is not subject to the 
moderating influence of the ocean, and where the wester¬ 
lies have become dry winds, do we meet with extremes in 
temperature and with severe droughts. 

The high Pyrenees and Alps stand like great walls, and 
prevent the hot African winds from spreading over 
northern Europe. In winter they stop the cold northwest 
winds from producing frosts in southern Europe. 

Questions 

(Turn to the map, pages 6, 7.) 

1. Between what parallels of latitude does Europe 
he? 

2. Between what meridians does Europe lie ? 

3. Which is farther south, Petrograd or Christiania ? 

4. Which is farther east, the mouth of the Volga River 
or the mouth of the Petchora River ? 

5. Which is farther west, the Shetland Islands or the 
Strait of Dover? 

Note .—In answering the fourth and fifth questions 
first find the longitude of each place, and then make your 
decision. Remember that places on the same meridian 
are directly north and south of each other. 

Exercises 

Trace the meridian of 10° east longitude. Make a list 
of the countries, waters, rivers, mountains and cities 
which it crosses. In what direction are they from one 
another ? 

Trace the parallel of 40° north latitude. Make a list 
as in the previous exercise. 

Write from memory all that you know of the physical 
features of Europe. 


CHAPTER II 


PEOPLE AND PRODUCTS 

Population. In proportion to its size, Europe has more 
people than any other grand division. Asia alone has a 
greater population, but Asia, which is more than four 
times as large as Europe, has less than twice the popula¬ 
tion of Europe. One fourth of all the people of the 
globe live in Europe. Its population of over four hun¬ 
dred million is more than three times that of North 
America, and four times that of the United States. 


Chamois are very shy, and 
live in herds of fifteen or 
twenty in the regions of per¬ 
petual snow. They leap with 
ease across crevices eighteen 
feet wide and down chasms 
thirty feet deep. The skin is 
very soft. The yellow leather 
sold as chamois skin is usually 
made from the hides of other 
animals. 



Chamois. 


Vegetation. There are three principal belts of vegeta¬ 
tion in Europe. The south is the land of the vine, orange, 
lemon, lime, fig and rice. 

Immediately north of this belt, between the Valdai 
Hills and the Alps, is the great beet-sugar, grain and 

27 




28 


EUROPE AS A WHOLE 


forest belt. This section vies with the United States in 
its output of cereals. 

The extreme northern part of the great plain is frozen 
and covered with snow for ten months of the year. In 
summer it is transformed into swamps and marshes, 
where moss, lichens and dwarf trees and shrubs grow. 

Animals. Europe is so densely populated, and so much 
of the land has been taken for agricultural purposes, that 
the number of wild animals has been greatly reduced. In 
the Alps and Pyrenees are found the chamois and wild 
goat. Brown bears, wolves, foxes, wild boars, and fur¬ 
bearing animals, such as the mink, sable and martin, 
haunt the forests of Germany and Russia. London, 
Leipzig and Nizhni Novgorod rank with St. Louis as the 
greatest fur markets of the world. 



Reindeer. 


The reindeer, which furnishes half the food and cloth¬ 
ing of the Lapps, is found on the plains of the North. 
Great herds have been partly domesticated. The seal and 
the walrus live along the icebound northern coast. 



PEOPLE AND PRODUCTS 


29 





The stork’s plumage is white, 
and its long bill and legs are 
bright red. It generally places 
its nest on buildings. 


Storks. 


Some of the birds of Europe are interesting. The 
stork is among the largest, standing more than three feet 
high. In winter it flies south to Africa. The swallow 
also winters in Africa, and on its return northward is 
greeted as the harbinger of summer. The skylark is a 
favorite bird of western Europe. Whether caged or 
soaring at liberty, it sings the thrilling song which has 
been celebrated by the greatest writers. 

The shallow waters of the Continental Shelf, as well as 
those of the Mediterranean and other seas, abound in 
oysters and in fish, such as the herring, cod, sardine, an¬ 
chovy, tunny, salmon and sturgeon. 

Among the domestic animals raised in Europe are 
horses, cows, sheep, hogs and fowls. These are noted for 
the excellence of their breeds. The horses of France, the 
sheep of England, the hares of Belgium, and the cattle 
of the Netherlands and of the Channel Islands, are ex¬ 
amples of the excellent domestic animals which can be 
raised by careful and intelligent breeding. 

Minerals. The highlands of Europe are rich in min¬ 
erals. Coal and iron are found in England, Germany, 
France and elsewhere; iron in Spain and Sweden; salt 








30 















PEOPLE AND PRODUCTS 


31 



in Poland and Czechoslovakia; graphite in Russia; petro¬ 
leum in Poland and Roumania; marble and sulphur in Italy; 
quicksilver in Spain; potter's clay in England, France and 
Germany; tin in Wales. Other minerals are lead, zinc 
and copper. < f 

Exercise 

On an outline map indicate some of the leading prod¬ 
ucts. Use a different style of shading, or a different 
color, for each product. Make a key to the map. 

Industries. The industries are so varied and well de¬ 
veloped that Europe has become the greatest center of 
commerce in the world. 

The artisans of Europe are very skillful. The ma¬ 
chinery made by them, and their manufactured products, 


At work in a pottery in England. 

are highly finished. In almost every important city trade 
schools have been established. The leading nations de¬ 
pend upon these schools to train their mechanics. 

In art and culture Europe leads the world. The great 
universities are famed for thorough instruction and the 
great learning of their professors. In numerous galleries 





32 


EUROPE AS A WHOLE 


and libraries there repose the masterpieces of art 
and literature which are at present, as they have 
been for many centuries, the sources from which thou¬ 
sands of visitors and students draw instruction and in¬ 
spiration. 

Government. Many of the European nations are re¬ 
publics. France is the leading republic, and Switzerland the 
oldest. The others were, until recently, monarchies. 

Great Britain and most of the other nations of Europe 
are limited or constitutional monarchies, that is, the ruler 
is called a king or emperor, and his descendants succeed 
to the throne, but his power is limited by a constitution, 
which provides for a parliament elected wholly or partly 
by the people. This body makes laws and has control over 
the finances of the nation. In Great Britain the king has 
hardly any power. 

In some of the European countries, in which until recently 
the people took but little part in the government, there 
has been much disorder and civil strife, owing to their 
inexperience in governing themselves. 

Danzig and the Sarre Basin are governed by the League 
of Nations. Fiume is a free city, not a part of any 
country. 

People. The early inhabitants of Europe were at first 
barbarians. Little by little they were influenced by the 
people of Asia and of the Nile Valley, and attained some 
degree of civilization. Foremost were the Greeks. They 
developed rapidly, and at one time were the most ad¬ 
vanced of all peoples in literature and art. There were, 
however, frequent wars among the different tribes; 
Greek fought against Greek and that weakened their 
power to resist invasion. Meanwhile the Romans be¬ 
came the leaders of Europe. They were a warlike people 
who, with great leaders, like Julius Caesar, conquered 
tribe after tribe in the regions beyond Italy, and estab- 



PEOPLE AND PRODUCTS 33 

lished a mighty empire, bounded on the north by the 
Rhine and Danube rivers. They learned much from the 
Greeks, whom they conquered, and later they became 
Christians. The barbarians beyond the Rhine and the 
Danube came in contact with the Romans, and in time 
learned their arts and adopted their religion. The 
Romans, having become rich, indulged themselves in all 
sorts of luxuries, while the barbarians were continually 
increasing in power. They ceased to fear the Romans, 
and finally conquered them. 

Nine tenths of the Europeans belong to the Caucasian 
race. Three great branches of this race living in Europe 
are the Teutons, the Latins and the Slavs. 


A group of Russian peasants. 

The Teutons inhabit England, Germany, the Nether¬ 
lands and Scandinavia. They are the descendants of 
barbarian peoples such as conquered the Romans. Many 
people of this race live also in the United States, Canada, 
Australia and South Africa. 




34 


EUROPE AS’A WHOLE 


The Latin race is found in Italy, Spain, Portugal, Rou- 
mania and France. The French Canadians, the Portu¬ 
guese of Brazil, and the Spanish of Mexico, Central 
America, and most of South America are the chief repre¬ 
sentatives of the Latin race in the New World. 

The Slavs live mainly in Russia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, 
Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. 

A small number of Europeans belong to the yellow 
race. They are the Lapps of the icy regions, the Mag¬ 
yars of Hungary, the Tartars along the Volga, and the 
Turks. Most of these people were once or still are nom¬ 
ads. Nomads are people who live a primitive, roving 
life. Combined in great tribes, or families, they roam 
with their herds of horses or reindeer from place to 
place, living in tents or other temporary structures. 

Religions. Christianity has been accepted by most of 
the people of Europe. In some countries it is the official 
religion, that is, the church and its officials are supported 
by the government. European missionaries have 
preached Christianity throughout the world. The three 
chief branches of the Christian faith in Europe are the 
Greek Catholic Church, the Roman Catholic Church and 
the Protestant denominations. Adherents of the Hebrew 
religion, as a rule of the Jewish race, are found in every 
country. The Mohammedan religion prevails in Turkey. 

Railways. The steam engine was invented by Euro¬ 
peans, and early in the nineteenth century the locomotive 
was perfected by George Stephenson, an Englishman. 
Since that time the railways have enmeshed every im¬ 
portant city of Europe in their network of iron. Rail¬ 
way communication has promoted the progress of western 
Europe, where railroads are most numerous. In many 
European countries, the government owns and manages 
the railways; and the engineers, conductors, porters and 
other employees are government officials. 



PEOPLE AND PRODUCTS 35 

The chief obstacle to transcontinental railroads was 
the mountain region of southern Europe. But the skill 
of engineers triumphed, and long tunnels pierce even 
(he Alps. The St. Gotthard tunnel is nine and one quar- 


Entrance to the St. Gotthard tunnel. 

ter miles long. The Simplon tunnel, twelve miles in 
length, is the longest tunnel in the world. 

Paris, Berlin, Vienna, Warsaw and Moscow are the leading 
railway centers, where railroads from the great ports of 
the west and south intersect those from the capitals and 
manufacturing towns of the interior. 

From Paris, through the Mt. Cenis tunnel, trains travel 
to Brindisi on the Adriatic shore of Italy, where they 
connect with mail steamships for India, China and Aus¬ 
tralia. From Paris trains also run without change of cars 
to Rome and Constantinople. 

Steamship Lines. Ocean steamships travel between 
Europe and every important port of the world. There 
are two routes to the ports of the Orient; one around 


































PEOPLE AND PRODUCTS 


37 


South Africa by way of the Cape of Good Hope, the other 
through the Mediterranean and Red seas by way of the 
Suez Canal. Vessels sailing by these routes sometimes 
return via the Panama Canal, thus circumnavigating the 
globe. The entire voyage has been made in about two 
months. 

Across the Atlantic Ocean vessels ply between European 
ports and those of Canada, the eastern United States, the 
Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, Brazil and the 
Plata River. The fastest ships make the trip from New 
York to the British shore, at Fishguard, Queenstown or 
Southampton, in less than a week. Slower vessels and 
those sailing from New York and other North American 
ports to the Baltic and Mediterranean seas take ten days 
or longer. 

Air Routes. Travel by airplanes, for passengers and mail, 
is regularly maintained between London and Paris and 
between other cities, especially in Germany and France. 

Telegraph, Telephone and Post. Nowhere are the mails 
so largely used as in Europe. The telephone and telegraph 
are everywhere. Like the railways and postal service, the 
lines are often owned and operated by the government. 
Submarine telegraph cables are looped along every coast. 
They stretch under the Mediterranean Sea to Africa and 
under the Atlantic Ocean to North and South America. 
In the North Atlantic a rise in the ocean bottom between 
Ireland and Nova Scotia is called the Telegraph Plateau. 
There are cables from southwestern Ireland and from 
Lands End, England, to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. 
Other cables have been laid from France to Cape Cod, 
Massachusetts, and to the French island of St. Pierre, 
near Newfoundland. Messages are sent by wireless tele¬ 
graphy across the ocean, between the shore and vessels at 
sea, and from ship to ship. 

The Europeans have so many natural resources, and 


38 


EUROPE AS A WHOLE 


their situation in the center of the land masses of the 
earth, with easy passage to every ocean, is so favorable 
for commerce, that they have reached a high state of 
civilization and power. 


Questions 

(Turn,to the maps, pages xii and 14.) 

1. Which parallel of latitude marks the western half 
of the boundary between Canada and the United States? 

2. Through what part of Europe does this parallel 
extend ? 

3. Which country in North America is in about the 
same latitude as the principal highlands of Europe? 

4. Which country in North America has about the 
same latitude as the lowlands of Europe? 

Exercises 

Draw a map of Europe and mark the lowlands and the 
highlands. 

Make a list of the countries of Europe which are in the 
latitude of Canada. 

Make a list of the countries which are in the latitude 
of the United States. 

Name the great railway centers of Europe. 

Name three important cities where railways termi¬ 
nate. 

Write a brief, complete account of the products of 
Europe. 

State what you know of the inhabitants of Europe. 


PART II.—THE GREAT POWERS 


Though Europe is next to the smallest grand division, 
it is the most important in commerce, wealth, art, popu¬ 
lation and civilization. The nations which have contrib¬ 
uted largely to the modern development of Europe are 
England, France, Italy, Germany and Russia. These 
nations are the most powerful and are known as “ the 
Great Powers.” 

Germany, defeated in the World War and impoverished, 
and Russia, weakened by political and economic revolutions, 
have less influence at present than the other Great Powers 
among the nations of the world. England, France and 
Italy, victorious in the World War, still maintain strong 
armies and navies, and they have vast, world-wide colonial 
possessions. The wealth and military strength of these 
three Great Powers are so overwhelming that, combined, 
they would be sufficient to compel the other countries to 
remain at peace. 

The five Great Powers are large compared with other 
European countries, although small in comparison with the 
greater countries of North America and Asia. They are 
the richest in natural resources and the most populous of 
European nations; and England, France and Italy are pre¬ 
eminent in commerce and industry. 

The United States and Japan occupy places of leadership 
in America and Asia similar to those of the Great Powers 
of Europe. Both have widespread possessions, a great 
export trade, and powerful navies. 

39 


40 


THE GREAT POWERS 



Building occupied by the League of Nations at Geneva, Switzerland. 


With a few exceptions, the nations of the world have 
united in the League of Nations, the purpose of which 
is to prevent future wars. The seat of the League is at 
Geneva, in Switzerland. 


Exercise 

Make a list of the Great Powers, with the capital of 
each. Commit the list to memory. 

Note .—Write the countries in what you think is the 
best order. Tell why you think so. 










CHAPTER III 
THE BRITISH ISLES 

THE BRITISH EMPIRE 

The British Isles are two large islands, Great Britain 
and Ireland, and from four to five hundred small islands, 
which fringe the coasts of the large islands. This group 
is known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and 
Ireland. Great Britain includes England, Scotland and 
Wales. The United Kingdom is often called Great 
Britain or England. 

The United Kingdom possesses colonies in Europe, 
Asia, Africa, Australia and America, and in many 
islands. So numerous are these possessions, which en¬ 
circle the globe, that it is said the sun never sets on 
British soil. Indeed, one fourth of the people of the 
world are British subjects, and the British flag flies over 
about one fourth of the land surface of the earth. The 
United Kingdom and its colonies form the British Em¬ 
pire, the greatest empire of the whole world in extent, 
commerce and naval power. 

It is no wonder that the United Kingdom has become 
so powerful. An enterprising people, surrounded by 
water, the inhabitants of Great Britain have for centuries 
explored the seas; hence its numerous possessions, which 
it is very successful in governing. In order to protect 
its colonies and commerce a large navy became neces¬ 
sary. Great Britain owns more than one fourth of all the 
merchant ships in the world to-day. Not only do English 

ships carry goods for their own country, but they are 

41 


42 


THE GREAT POWERS 



hired to transport the goods of other countries. Great 
Britain’s nearness to rich nations on the continent, and 
to North and South America, has increased its com- 

f 

merce. Other factors in British commercial supremacy 
are its coast line, with abundant havens, its temperate 
and invigorating climate, with abundant moisture, which 







































































THE BRITISH EMPIRE 


43 


is favorable for agriculture and weaving, and the posses¬ 
sion of abundant iron and coal. 

George V is, in name, the ruler of the Empire, as well 
as of tlie United Kingdom. The actual control of the gov¬ 
ernment is in the hands of the British people. They have 
no written constitution, but the laws, customs and prece¬ 
dents of many centuries serve in place of such a docu¬ 
ment. The British Parliament resembles the Congress 
of the United States. It is the body of men who make 



Westminster Palace, called “The Houses of Parliament,” on the em¬ 
bankment of the Thames River. The two towers of Westminster 
Abbey appear at the left. 


the laws. The members of the House of Commons are 
elected by the voters of the United Kingdom. It corre¬ 
sponds to our House of Representatives. The House of 
Lords is less like our Senate. Most of its members either 
inherit their membership from noble ancestors or are 
themselves appointed to the peerage. 

The United States was a British possession until the 
Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the successful 
American Revolution made our country an independent 
nation. The fact that English is the language of the 
United States, is a strong bond between us and Great 
Britain. 










44 


THE GREAT POWERS 



Windsor Castle, on the Thames River, 23 miles west of London. It 
was founded by William the Conqueror and extended by later 
sovereigns. 


GREAT BRITAIN 

Surface and Coast Line. The soils of southern England 
and northern France are similar. This contributes to 
the belief that they once were joined. The sinking of 
the land has given Great Britain a very irregular coast 
line. The Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland and Channel 
islands, and hundreds of others about the coast, are 
the tops of former hills, which now project above the 
water. The submerged valleys make excellent harbors. 
There are so many places where the arms of the ocean 
reach far into the land, and the area of Great Britain is 
so small, that from almost any point the distance to the 
sea is short; this facilitates commerce. 

Great Britain is mountainous in the north and west. 
The mountains are old and weathered, but somewhat rug¬ 
ged. This is due to the hardness of some of the strata. 
The hard rocks resist erosion and remain intact while 
softer substances surrounding them crumble away. The 
Scottish Highlands are noted for their hard granite 
peaks. Of these, Ben Nevis is the highest in Great 
Britain. The height of the mountains of Great Britain 
is not great. The southeastern part of the island is 
a lowland, a continuation of the great plain of Europe. 

Climate. Great Britain is directly in the path of the 
westerlies, which bring abundant rainfall and temper 




ENGLAND 


45 


the cold of winter and the heat of summer. Where there 
are no prolonged extreme temperatures man is better 
able to work. He is not numbed by prolonged cold, as 
in some parts of Russia, nor is he sluggish and improvi¬ 
dent, as in the tropics. The Englishman’s energy is due 
partly to race or ancestry and partly to the climate. 

Questions 

(Turn to the map, p. 42.) 

1. Between what parallels and what meridians are the 
British Isles! 

2. What country on the Atlantic coast of North 
America is in the same latitude! 

3. Which section of Great Britain is highest! 

4. Name the highest peak in Great Britain. 

5. In what country is the highest peak! 

6. What range of hills is between England and Scot¬ 
land! 

7. Where is the mountain called Snowdon! 

ENGLAND 

Size and Population. England proper is about the same 
size as the State of New York, but it has three and a half 
times as many people. Next to Belgium, it is the most 
densely populated country in the world. 

Climate. The westerly winds make England temperate 
and moist. The moisture is so abundant that there is 
much fog. London fogs are sometimes so thick, mainly 
on account of the smoke, which deepens the fog, that one 
is unable to see objects a few feet away. 

Surface and Drainage. In the north and west England is 
rugged, hilly and mountainous. Eastern England is a 
lowland. Many short rivers drain the land. The Thames 
and the Mersey are the most important, because their 
broad mouths, or estuaries, form fine harbors. The Mer¬ 
sey is subject to a great rise and fall of the tide, for 


46 


THE GREAT POWERS 



which reason inclosed docks have been built. These stone 
docks extend for seven miles along its banks. 

The Thames, upon the eastern side of the island, pro¬ 
vides anchorage for thousands of vessels. 

Products and Industries. At one time farming was the 
principal industry of the English. Now, if every acre of 
available land were cultivated, not enough could be 
raised to keep alive England's dense population. Only 
the common vegetables and hardy grains are raised. 
The English import foodstuffs from the United 
States, Canada, Argentina and Australia, and have 
turned most of the land into pasture. In the Cheviot 
Hills of northern England, and in the South Downs 
(hills) along the southern coast, are bred the Cheviot 
and Southdown sheep, noted for the excellence of their 
wool. Excellent cattle are reared in Jersey, Alderney 
and Guernsey, the Channel Islands off southern England. 

The waters surrounding Great Britain abound in food 
fish, such as salmon, haddock, mackerel, herring and sole. 









ENGLAND 


47 


There are numerous fishing hamlets along the southern 
and eastern coasts. These, however, cannot afford the 
expensive equipments for extensive fishing trips, and so 
large cities, such as London and Hull, in England, and 
Aberdeen, in Scotland, have become great fishing centers. 

The mineral wealth of England first attracted other 
nations to its shores. The early Phoenicians visited the 



Europe. Coal and iron mines. 


tin mines, which are still productive. Coal and iron are 
found side by side, sometimes in different veins of the 
same mine. Limestone, which is necessary for smelting 
the iron, is abundant. So extensively are the mines 
operated that more than a million persons work under¬ 
ground. Salt and valuable pottery clays are found. 

Numerous rivers furnish water power, and even be¬ 
fore the perfection of the steam engine by James Watt, 
a Scotchman, England was a manufacturing country. 
After the use of steam became general, the presence of 





48 


THE GREAT POWERS 


coal and wool in the same regions made manufacturing 
the chief industry. England leads all the countries of 
Europe in manufacture, and is surpassed in this respect 
only by the United States, although Germany lately was 
a strong competitor. Northeastern England, a region of 
coal, iron and wool, is devoted to the manufacture of 
woolen cloth, worsted, yarn, carpets, hosiery and blan¬ 
kets. The demand for wool for the manufacture of 
woolen products exceeds the quantity of raw wool obtain¬ 
able in England, therefore much of the wool is imported 
from Australia, Argentina and India. 

Though the woolen industry took root earlier, the cot¬ 
ton industry has surpassed it, for, though the soil of 
England proper cannot produce cotton, the damp climate 
is favorable for the handling of the cotton fiber. After 
the thread is spun the process of weaving is similar to 
that of wool, and the world-wide trade of England en¬ 
ables her to supply cotton goods to warm climes and 
woolen goods to colder countries. In the lands of the 
temperate zone both fabrics are needed. We find cotton 
mills in west central England, in and near Manchester. 
Billions of pounds of raw cotton are shipped to England 
from British colonies and from our Southern States. 

Central England is noted for iron works, because a 
high grade of iron is mined there. Superior cutlery, how¬ 
ever, is made of Swedish iron, and much iron ore comes 
also from Spain. 

Commerce. Thousands of freight-laden vessels go in 
and out of the English ports daily. Besides being rich 
in resources, England has railroads* and canals every¬ 
where, and freight rates are low. The seaports are often 
far inland, and all are within short distances of manu¬ 
facturing districts. Her great ports maintain lines of 
steamships to every quarter of the globe. London has 
lines to Australia and Japan. The Atlantic Transport 


ENGLAND 


49 


Line plies between London and New York. Liverpool 
and Southampton have lines to the Far East, to South 
Africa, the West Indies and South America. The Amer¬ 
ican Line from New York docks at Southampton. From 
Liverpool there are lines direct to Montreal, Portland 
(Maine), Boston (Massachusetts), New York, New Or¬ 
leans (Louisiana) and Galveston (Texas). Glasgow, in 
Scotland, likewise has lines to North and South America. 
The Canadian Pacific Railroad, which has fine vessels on 
the Pacific Ocean, has also a fleet connecting the eastern 
terminus of the road with Great Britain. Other impor¬ 
tant lines between Great Britain and the United States 
are the Cunard and White Star lines. 

The first locomotives and railways were built in Eng¬ 
land, and the railroads of the British Isles are excellent. 
London is the terminus of all the important railroads. 
Express trains maintain a speed of fifty miles an hour, 
and almost any part of Great Britain can be reached in 
twelve hours. Ireland is reached by train to Holyhead, 
on a small island off the coast of Wales, and thence by 
ferry to Dublin. The mainland of Europe may be 
reached by ferry from New Haven across the English 
Channel to Dieppe; or from Dover to Calais, across the 
Strait of Dover; or from Dover to Ostend, in Belgium, on 
the North Sea. 

The exports of England are manufactured products, 
and can be found in every country in the world. Its im¬ 
ports are chiefly raw material and foodstuffs from the 
colonies, the United States and South America. 

Cities. No other country has so many large cities 
in comparison to its size as has Great Britain. Although 
the United States has more large cities, its area is much 
greater in proportion. London is about as large as New 
York, but Glasgow, Scotland, the second city in Great 
Britain, is not half as large as Chicago. 



50 


The Mansion House, the Official Residence of the Lord Mayor of London 








































ENGLAND 


51 


London, the capital of the British Empire, is the chief 
city in the Old World in size, manufacturing and com¬ 
mercial importance. It is situated in the interior of England 
and yet, being on the broad estuary of the River Thames, it 
is in direct communication with the ocean. Railways ra- 


v 



The Bank of England. The building has no windows. About one thousand 
persons are employed there. 


diate in all directions, and steamers from all parts of the 
world dock there. It is principally a receiving port; that 
is, goods are reshipped thence to the interior of Great 
Britain or to other parts of the world. The commerce of 
London and other English ports is increased by vast quan¬ 
tities of wares brought there from the countries where they 
are produced, and reshipped, either at once or after being 
stored for a time in warehouses. The wealth and trade 
of London are so extensive that it is a money center second 
only to New York. The Bank of England transacts gov¬ 
ernment business and controls enterprises in Africa, Asia, 
South America and Australia. 






52 



THE GREAT POWERS 

Though there is much traffic, London is a quiet city. 
Perhaps this is because the pavements are made of as¬ 
phalt or of wood, and because of the absence of trolley 
or cable cars, for which the streets are too narrow. In¬ 
stead, omnibuses, cabs and the underground railway are 
used. London Bridge is the principal bridge for traffic, 
and marks the head of navigation for seagoing vessels. 

The Tower of London was the prison and place of exe- 
cution for criminals and traitors. 


The Tower of London. 

West End is the fashionable part of London. Here 
the streets are broad, and lined with beautiful buildings. 
Regent Street, Oxford Street, Piccadilly and Rotten Row, 
a noted driveway in Hyde Park, are the most frequented 
thoroughfares. Westminster Palace, on the Thames, oc¬ 
cupies twice as much ground as the Capitol at Washing¬ 
ton. Here the British Parliament convenes to enact laws 
for the United Kingdom and such parts of the empire as 
are not self-governing. Westminster Abbey contains 
statues and memorials of English monarchs, heroes, 






ENGLAND 


53 



scientists and literary men. In the Poets’ Corner is a 
bust of the American, Longfellow, whose works are very 
popular in England. 


Westminster Abbey. 

The British Museum is another of London’s famous 
buildings. It contains collections of great value to 
scholars. Here is the Rosetta Stone, which gave the clew 
to the language of the ancient Egyptians, and the Elgin 
marbles, the finest existing collection of sculpture, includ¬ 
ing the frieze stripped from the Parthenon at Athens. 
The British Museum has a great library of more than 
two million volumes. 

Just below London is the Greenwich astronomical ob¬ 
servatory. The meridian that passes through Greenwich 
is the prime meridian. 

Liveepool. The growth of Liverpool is associated with 
the settlement and development of North America. As 
London controls the trade with the continent of Europe 
and with the Far East, so Liverpool, because of its loca- 







54 


THE GREAT POWERS 


tion, is the chief port in the American trade. It is now 
the fourth city in size in the United Kingdom, and ranks 
next to London in commercial importance. Great cargoes 
of manufactured goods are sent to the United States and 
other countries from Liverpool, and cotton, meat and 
wheat are received there from American ports. Liverpool 



Copyright, by Underwood <£ Undemcood. 

Cotton Exchange, Liverpool, England. 

is the greatest market for cotton in the world, and most 
of the cotton comes from our Southern States. 

Manchester. The coal fields and the Manchester Ship 
Canal have made Manchester the fifth city in size in 
Great Britain. The moist climate of western England 
permits the handling of cotton fiber, and Manchester is 
the center of cotton manufacture. The Manchester Canal 
connects Manchester with the estuary of the Mersey 
River. It is about thirty-five miles long and nearly twice 
as wide as the Suez Canal. As ocean steamships can 
unload at Manchester, this city has become, like Liver¬ 
pool, a great cotton market. 

The adjacent city of Salford is engaged in the manu- 




ENGLAND 


55 



Copyright, by Underwood <& Underwood. 

Manchester Ship Canal. 


facture of cotton, iron, and chemicals. It owes much of 
its prosperity to its location, being on the Manchester 
Ship Canal. 

Birmingham is larger than any other city in Great Britain 
except London and Glasgow. On account of its access to 
the iron and coal fields it is the metal emporium of England. 
Gold, silver, brass, iron and steel are wrought into articles 
of ornament and utility. Jewelry and firearms, toys and 
all sorts of hardware and machinery, are products of its 
shops and foundries. 

Sheffield, in central England, is noted for its cutlery. 
Silver-plating was invented here, and is an important 
industry. 

Leeds and Bradford, in the interior, northeast of Man¬ 
chester, are important seats of woolen manufactures. 

Leicester, on the site of an old Roman camp, is en¬ 
gaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes and hosiery. 

Stoke-on-Trent is a great pottery town. Every va¬ 
riety of china and earthenware is made there. 

Nottingham, on the River Trent, manufactures cotton 
and silk. Much lace is made there. 

Hull is on the Humber River, a great estuary on the 
eastern coast. It exports the products of Nottingham 
and the other cities of the interior, chiefly to the coun- 





56 


THE GREAT POWERS 


tries on the west coast of the continent. Many fishing 
vessels find harbor there. 

Newcastle is the shipping port for the great coal fields 
of northeastern England. “ Carrying coals to Newcas¬ 
tle’' is a needless task. Coal is sent thence to ports on 
the mainland of Europe. 

Bristol, near the mouth of the Severn, is an important 
seaport and railway terminus in the southwestern part 
of England. It ranks next to Liverpool in its trade with 
America. 

Portsmouth, on the southeastern coast, is the site of 
the chief navy yard of the country. 

Southampton, an important port for transatlantic lin¬ 
ers, is near by. 

West Ham is a populous suburb of London. 

Brighton, in the south, on the English Channel, is the 
principal sea-side resort in England, and is frequented 
by throngs of excursionists. 



Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

Shakespeare Memorial Theater, Stratford-on-Avon, England. 


England, as the mother country of the English-speak¬ 
ing people, has many landmarks with historic or literary 
associations. Of these, perhaps none is of greater inter¬ 
est than Stratford-on-Avon, the birthplace of William 
Shakespeare, the greatest English poet. 







ENGLAND 


57 



Copyright , 62 / Underwood & Underwood. 

Stonehenge. 

There are monuments of prehistoric inhabitants at 
Stonehenge (between Bristol and Southampton). Evi¬ 
dences of the Roman occupation are found at Chester 
and elsewhere in the walls and pavements that mark the 
sites of fortified camps. 

The achievements of the English people are closely 
connected with their great schools and universities. 
Rugby, Eton and Harrow are famous public schools, 
where English youth are prepared for the universities. 
Oxford and Cambridge in England, Edinburgh in Scot¬ 
land, and Dublin in Ireland, are the sites of great univer¬ 
sities, whose graduates have achieved eminence in all arts 
and sciences, and as soldiers and statesmen have made 
England the leading nation of the world. 










58 


THE GREAT POWERS 



Part of the ancient Roman wall, Chester, England. 

Questions 

1. What island lies near the south coast of England! 

2. Where are the Scilly Islands! 

3. Upon what river is Stratford situated! 

4. In what direction does it flow! Into what water! 

5. In what direction is the Thames River from the 
Avon! 

6. In what direction does the Thames flow! Into 
what water! 

7. What university town is on the Thames! 

WALES 

Wales is in the western part of Great Britain, project¬ 
ing into the waters that lie between Great Britain and 
Ireland. The Irish Sea lies north, Bristol Channel is 
south, and on the west Cardigan Bay, a widening of St. 
Georges Channel, indents the coast. 

W 7 ales is almost as large as New Jersey, but is not nearly 
so populous. The surface is chiefly highland, the Cam- 








WALES, SCOTLAND 


59 


brian Mountains extending through the middle of the 
country. Snowdon, 3,751 feet high, is the highest peak. 

Mining is the most important industry, and coal is the 
chief mineral, iron ranking next in importance. Great 
numbers of sheep and some cattle graze on the hillsides. 



Scene in Wales. The mountain in the distance is Snowdon. 


Cardiff is the chief city, and the world’s principal port 
for the export of coal. 

The Welsh are a sturdy race. They were conquered by 
the English kings only after centuries of warfare. Their 
folk songs have high merit, and the people sing them 
well. About half the inhabitants of Wales speak the an- 
" cient Welsh language, but English is the principal lan¬ 
guage, and is spoken by many who speak Welsh. 

In matters of government, Wales is treated as part of 
England. The heir apparent to the British throne bears 
the title of Prince of Wales. 

SCOTLAND 

People. To the north of England lies Scotland, the 
home of a pious, thrifty, well-educated people. 

The Scotch come from two distinct branches of the 




60 


THE GREAT POWERS 


Caucasian race, the Teutons and the Celts, lowlanders 
and highlanders. 

The ancient highland costume of the men is picturesque. 
This costume is now worn principally by the soldiers of 
certain Scottish regiments. 



Copyright, by Underwood <§ Underwood. 

British soldiers wearing Highland costume. 

The Scotch are logical thinkers, and honest, blunt and 
canny. They are self-contained, but do not lack humor. 

Surface. Because of the sinking of the land, the coast 
of Scotland is deeply indented. This is true especially 
of the west coast, a strange collection of mountains, firths 
and rocky isles. The islands are the peaks of ancient 
mountains which have sunk into the ocean, and the deep 
firths are submerged valleys, like those of Maine, in the 
United States, and those of British Columbia and Chile. 
This characteristic of the west coast has greatly encour¬ 
aged trade with the United States, and the growth of 
Glasgow is to be in part attributed to it. 

Northern and central Scotland consist of rugged high¬ 
lands, with here and there flat areas known as moors, 
lonesome, silent, desolate places, yet beautifully over¬ 
grown with purple heather. Another feature of Scottish 
scenery is its lakes. The largest. Loch Lomond, in the 




SCOTLAND 


61 



Copyright, "by Keystone View Company. 

Loch Lomond, Scotland. 

west-central highlands, is a beautiful sheet of silvery 
water, with here and there scraggy rocks protruding, 
and the whole surrounded with mountains clothed in 
the royal purple of the heather. Loch Katrine, another 
beautiful lake near Lomond, is mentioned by Scott in 
‘ ‘ The Lady of the Lake. ’ 9 

Some of the peaks, especially in the central highlands, 
attain a considerable height. Ben (head) Nevis, in the 
Grampians, is over four thousand feet high. 

The southern highlands slope gently toward the north¬ 
west, thus forming the fertile central lowlands, where 
most of the Scotch people live. 

The Clyde, Scotland's most important river, flows 
through the central lowland. On its banks are prosper¬ 
ous farms and gardens with beautiful flowers. The 
Scotch are skilled gardeners. At its mouth the Clyde 
puts on business clothes. The banks and water front 
show great ships in various stages of construction, and 






62 THE GREAT POWERS 

the noise of hammer and steel is deafening. The Clyde 
was not always so; the enterprising people of Glasgow 
had to dredge a channel for ocean steamers in the river 
from the mouth of the Clyde to the city, in order to pro¬ 
mote commerce and further their industries. 



A bridge over the Clyde River, Glasgow, Scotland. 

Cities. Glasgow is Scotland’s greatest commercial and 
industrial center, shipbuilding being the most important 
industry. More ships are launched upon the River Clyde 
than upon any other water in the world. The busy streets 
of Glasgow are well paved, and the houses are built of 
granite and sandstone, local minerals. Street cars are 
owned and run by the city, and such low rates of fare are 
asked that no profit is made. Public baths and houses at 
low rents are provided by the city. 

On the Ayr, a small river which flows into the Firth 
of Clyde, can he seen the birthplace and home of Robert 
Burns, the famous poet. 

Edinburgh, on the Firth of Forth, is the center of cul¬ 
ture and learning. It publishes almost as many books 
and maps as London. The University of Edinburgh has 
students from all parts of Great Britain. The cathedral 






SCOTLAND 


63 



The Castle, Edinburgh, Scotland. 


where John Knox, the reformer, preached, is visited by 
many tourists. On a high rock, about three hundred feet 
above sea level, is located the Castle of Edinburgh, a 
former home of Scottish kings. 

Abbotsford, on the Tweed, was the home of Sir Walter 
Scott, the great novelist and poet. 

Products and Pursuits. Scotland is colder than England, 
and the rainfall is abundant. Only one fourth of Scot¬ 
land is fertile. The chief products are the hardy grains. 
Barley and wheat are widely grown, but by far the most 
important crop is oats, the moist climate being favorable 
to the growth of this cereal. Oatmeal constitutes a large 
part of the diet of the Scotch people. 

Coal and iron are mined in the central lowlands, and 
cotton, woolen, linen, jute and hardware factories are 
numerous. 

Foodstuffs and tobacco are obtained from the United 
States. 

Questions 

1. Name the Channel Islands. In what direction are 
they from Great Britain? What is the nearest coast? 

2. What and where is Flamborough Head? 





64 


THE GREAT POWERS 


3. Where is the Firth of Forth? For what is it noted? 

4. Where is Queenstown? 

5. Where is Fishguard? 

6. Why are they well located as ports for transatlan- 
tic liners? 

Exercise 

Trace a voyage circumnavigating Great Britain. Make 
a list, in order, of the waters through which you pass. 

IRELAND 

Surface. Ireland is the most western land of Europe, 
except Iceland. As Great Britain was once a part of the 
mainland, so Ireland, now separated by narrow and shal¬ 
low channels and seas, was once joined to the shores of 
Great Britain. It consists of a low plain, or basin, sur¬ 
rounded by broken mountains. There are many glacial 
hills called drumlins. Because of glacial deposits, many 
of the streams are obstructed, and numerous bogs are 
formed. These are stretches of wet, spongy land where 
the soil is composed chiefly of decayed vegetation. In 
such places peat is found. Peat is a kind of coal in its 
first stage of formation. When dried and pressed into 
blocks, it is extensively used as fuel. The basin of the 
beautiful Lakes of Killarney, in southwestern Ireland, 
was formed in the same way as the bogs, being dammed 
up by rocks and earth dropped from melting glaciers. 

On the northern coast of Ireland is the Giant’s Cause¬ 
way, a flat, rocky promontory, consisting of three moun¬ 
tain tongues sloping toward the sea. It is formed of 
many-sided natural columns of a greenish-black stone, 
called basalt, fitted very closely together in different 
lengths. A similar rock formation is found on a small 
island off the coast of Scotland, and a famous grotto 
there is called FingaPs Cave. 

Climate. Ireland, being the first country of Europe to 
receive the westerlies from the Atlantic, has a very 


IRELAND 


65 



The Upper Lake, Killarney, Ireland. 


equable climate. There is so much rain that grass in Ire¬ 
land is always green, and hence Ireland is often called 
‘ ‘ The Emerald Isle. ’ ’ 

People and Industries. Although the population of Ire¬ 
land is only half as great as it was before the famine of 
1846, the island is almost as well peopled as Scotland. 
Great numbers have emigrated, especially to the United 
States. Politically, Ireland consists of two parts: the Irish 
Free State, which includes most of the island, and Northern 
Ireland. Northern Ireland is ruled by the British Parlia¬ 
ment; the Irish Free State is a self-governing nation, like 
Canada and Australia. 

Farming and stock raising are the principal industries. 
Oats, flax and potatoes are raised. 

There are no important mineral deposits in Ireland. 
Turf or peat is used for fuel. 

Cities. Belfast, only thirty miles from the western 
shore of Scotland, imports coal, and has become the 








66 


THE GREAT POWERS 


greatest linen manufacturing center in the world. This 
is largely because the spring water in the vicinity is ex¬ 
cellent for bleaching. Belfast has large shipyards where 
ocean liners are built. 



Sackville Street, Dublin, Ireland. The statue commemorates Daniel 
O’Connell, the Irish orator. 


Dublin, the capital, is a beautiful city. Exquisite lace 
is made there by women, many of whom do this work 
in the streets. Dublin has magnificent homes, public 
buildings, fine parks and statuary, and good schools. It 
is the seat of Trinity College, which was founded by 
Queen Elizabeth, and which is the leading university of 
Ireland. 

Cork is the most important city of southern Ireland, 
shipping large quantities of meat, live stock and sweet 
or unsalted butter. Near Cork is Queenstown, the first 
port reached by_ steamers from America. The ruins of 
the famous Blarney Castle are not far from Cork. Noth¬ 
ing but the dungeon tower remains. 

Though poor, the Irish are a happy people, seldom de¬ 
pressed. They are brave, kind-hearted, generous and 
quick-witted. 






IRELAND 


67 


Questions 

1. What port is located about 1° 30' W., 55° N.? 

2. What is the approximate latitude and longitude of 
Lands End? Of the Lakes of Killarney? 

3. Where is Holyhead? How far from Dublin? 

Exercises 

1. Make a list of six inland cities of England, and 
state for what each is noted. 

2. Make a list of ports on the west coast of Great 
Britain, and state what each exports. 

3. Make a list of ports on the east coast of Great 
Britain, and state the chief import or export of each. 

4. Make a sketch map of the world, and indicate the 
best sea routes from London to Montreal, New York, Rio 
de Janeiro, Bombay, Hongkong, Sydney, Amsterdam. 

5. Write a full account of England. 

6. Write all you know of Wales, of Scotland, of Ire¬ 
land. 


The ladder leading over the bat¬ 
tlements enables an intrepid visitor 
to kiss the Blarney Stone. 


Copyright , by Underwood <£- Underwood. 

Blarney Castle, Ireland. 










68 
























CHAPTER IV 


FRANCE 

France, one of the World Powers, has at different 
periods in the past ranked first among European na¬ 
tions. It is now surpassed by Great Britain in wealth, 


The Eiffel Tower 984 feet high, 
is the highest structure in the'world. 
Elevators carry visitors to the plat¬ 
form near the top, which will hold 
many persons. At the top are a 
weather observatory and a wireless 
station. 


Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

Eiffel Tower, Paris. 



manufacture and commerce. It is but little farther from 
the United States than is Great Britain, and great ocean 
liners sail weekly between New York and Havre. 

location. France is located in southwestern Europe, 
with the sea on three sides, and has mountain ramparts 






70 


THE GREAT POWERS 



FRANCE, BELGIUM 
AND NETHERLANDS 

SCALE OF MILES 


Liverpool Manchester 


’Dublin 

Inland 


Bremen 


iSroning^ 

RLAND: 


Canals 


Birmingham 


Haarlei 

Leydei 

THE HAGUE^j 
Rottercmu 


Bristol 


®i Essen ^ 
^Cologne 


g'ristol Channel 


Ostem 


Southampton 


'ortsmouth 


\j Boulogne 


lE.MBIJRG >' 
u!x€mburg 

71/'}-- 


Amiens 


Rouen 


1st. Denis 


PARIS 


:rasb& 


Rennes 


5f\Troye! 


Le Mans 1 Orleans 


ngers 


Nantes 


Tours 




Limoges C 1 l erm °A7 
—/Eerrand 

\ *\*/' 

Doreft* * \ , 

v-»»- ^ , St.I 


locheforti 


Bordeaux^. ___ 

Q yj J 7 " <o C* \ j D or dv9 n v 


Nimes 
Montpellier * J 


Toulouse 


,MarseiU< 


Gulf of 
the Lion 

MED I 


e Pe J p i^ al 

SSL 6. It 


Pamplona 


^ * Burgos 

L.LvPOATES CO., N.Y. 


C. Creux 


West 


East 


5° Greenwich 


Longitude 


0° Longitude 


from 


as important parts of its land boundaries. It is the prin¬ 
cipal country on the Mediterranean Sea; it is bordered 
by Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Spain; it is 
within easy reach of Great Britain and northern Africa, 
and it has access through the Mediterranean to the Ori¬ 
ent, and over the Atlantic to America and western Africa. 

































FRANCE 


71 


Questions 

(Turn to tlie maps, pages 6 and 14.) 

1. Which part, and how much, of France is in the same 
latitude as the southern coast of England? 

2. What effect would you expect the location of 
France to have on its climate? On its productions? 

3. What country adjoins the lowlands of France? 

4. What countries are on the eastern border of 
France? 

5. Into how many sections may the coast of France 
be divided? 

6. What waters wash each? 

7. What are the limits of France in latitude and longi¬ 
tude? 

8. What State on the Atlantic coast of our country 
is in the same latitude as the Mediterranean coast of 
France ? 

9. Is France chiefly highland or lowland? 

10. Into how many sections are the highlands of France 
divided by the Rhone Valley? 

11. WTiat mountains are west of the Rhone Valley and 
nearest to it? 

12. What mountains still farther west? 

Size and Population. Although France is smaller than 
Texas, it is the largest country in Europe, next to Russia. 
Its population is nearly equal to that of Great Britain. 
France has possessions in Africa, Asia, the Pacific islands, 
South America and the West Indies. The most important 
are in Africa: Algeria, Morocco and Tunis. French influence 
predominates throughout the western parts of the Sahara 
Desert and of the Sudan, as well as in much of the interior 
of Africa as far south as the Kongo River. These depend¬ 
encies are almost twenty-five times as large as France itself. 
Madagascar belongs to France, as do two small islands, 
valuable as a basis for fishing rights, near Newfoundland. 

Surface. The loftiest highlands of France are the Alps, 
in the southeast, whose highest peak is Mt. Blanc. To the 


72 


THE GREAT POWERS 


westward are the Cevennes and Auvergne mountains, 
upon the central plateau of France. They abound in hot 
mineral springs and contain many extinct volcanoes. Be¬ 
tween France and Spain are the Pyrenees Mountains, 



Copyright, by XJnderwood & Underwood. 

Vineyards and fields in northeastern France. 


which in places reach an altitude of over 11,000 feet, and 
have few passes, and those very high. The approach is 
abrupt from the southern side, but the northern slopes 
are gradual, often wooded, and inclose beautiful valleys. 
Three fourths of France is a rolling plain, which slopes 
toward the Bay of Biscay. The Landes are a sandy plain 
about one hundred twenty miles long in the southwestern 
part of France. They have many dunes and marshes, and 
much of the plain is covered with pine forests. 




FRANCE 


73 



Drainage. The Rhone, the Seine and the Loire are the 
principal rivers. The Seine and the Loire rise in the cen¬ 
tral plateau and flow gently toward the north and the west 
into the Atlantic Ocean. The Rhone River flows south¬ 
ward, in the valley between the Alps and the Cevennes, 
and discharges into the Mediterranean Sea. The rivers 
are navigable far inland, and in connection with canals 
afford excellent transportation to every section. 

The Rhone may he called the twin of the Rhine, though 
not so beautiful. The glaciers of Mt. St. Gotthard give 
rise to both rivers. The Rhine flows through Lake Con¬ 
stance, thence through a valley rich in vines, and at its 
mouth forms a delta. The Rhone flows through Lake 
Geneva, and has vine-clad banks and a delta. 


Lake Geneva. The towered building is the Castle of Chillon, famous as 

the prison of Bonnivard, a Swiss patriot. 

The Rhone and the Loire are highways of commerce 
from the sea to central Europe. The Seine is a narrow, 
shallow river. One of its branches is the Marne, famous 
for battles in the World War. 







74 


THE GREAT POWERS 



Monaco, on the Riviera, the capital of the principality of Monaco. 

Climate. The westerlies blow unhindered over France, 
tempering the climate and dropping moisture. The Pyre¬ 
nees condense the moisture of the winds that reach their 
summits, and their northern slope, near the Atlantic, has 
heavier rains than any other part of France. Southeast¬ 
ern France, influenced by the winds which bring warmth 
from the Sahara in Africa and moisture from the Medi¬ 
terranean, has a subtropical climate. The driest section 
is in the extreme southeast, where the Mediterranean 
coast, known as the Riviera, has many cities which are 
fashionable winter resorts. The winter weather in the 
Rhone Valley to the west of the Riviera is sometimes un¬ 
pleasant when the mistral, a cold, dry land breeze, blows 
from the northwest and causes damage and discomfort. 

Products. France leads the world in the production of 
grapes. The vine flourishes from the Loire Valley south¬ 
ward and along the Rhone River. Along the Mediterra¬ 
nean coast there are groves of olive, orange, lemon, pome¬ 
granate and mulberry trees. The mulberry tree is culti¬ 
vated for its leaves, upon which the silkworms feed. 





FRANCE 


75 


Central France is a great grain and sugar beet coun¬ 
try. It ranks in Europe next to Russia in the produc¬ 
tion of wheat. Much former grain land is now given over 
to the cultivation of the sugar beet, and France imports 
large quantities of wheat from abroad. Millions of sheep 
and cattle browse on the foothills of the Cevennes and, 
Pyrenees. On the broad sandy Landes of the Bay of 
Biscay hogs are raised. Horses are carefully reared. 
Percheron horses, noted for their large size, have been 
extensively exported to the United States. 

Compared with England, France is poor in minerals. 
Much coal and iron, however, are mined in the north and 
northeast, and near the Rhone; and the rich mines of the 
Sarre Basin, taken from Germany and governed by the 
League of Nations, now belong to France. 

Industries. Half of the French population is engaged 
in agriculture and stock raising. Different kinds of fine 
cheese, such as Roquefort and Brie, are made. 

The fisheries of France are a source of great wealth. 
The Bay of Biscay, the English Channel and the Mediter¬ 
ranean abound in cod, oysters and sardines. The largest 
sardine canneries are on the Bay of Biscay. 



Copyright , by Underwood & Underwood. 

Drying sardines, France. 




76 


THE GREAT POWERS 


Manufacturing is next in importance to agriculture. 
Coal is transported by means of canals, and in the eastern 
highlands water power is extensively employed. The 
manufactures of France, owing to the artistic skill and taste 
of its people, excel in design and quality those of any other 
country. 

Silk is the leading manufacture of France. Fine 
woolens, beautiful tapestries, dainty laces, well-cut gloves, 



Copyright, 6 y Underwood & Underwood. 

Weaving the Gobelin tapestry, Paris. The weavers behind the loom, 
whose hands show as they work, watch the results in a mirror. 

exquisite jewelry, hats and gowns, all kinds of leather 
goods and china, artistically designed and decorated, are 
made in the homes and in the great factories. 

Wine is manufactured extensively, not only for do¬ 
mestic consumption but for export. Olive oil is extracted 
from the olive, which grows freely in groves in the south 
of France. 









FRANCE 


77 



In a French silk mill. 

Commerce. France is well located for commerce, but 
does not have many good harbors. Partly on this account 
the French do not own enough ships to carry their goods; 
they depend largely upon the merchant marine of Nor¬ 
way and Great Britain. France has a great variety of 
manufactures, but they are largely of the nature of lux¬ 
uries, and therefore not bulky; hence France takes a 
smaller part by tonnage in the world’s commerce than 
might be expected. Her imports are coal, wool, cot¬ 
ton, raw silk, oil and foodstuffs. Her exports are silk, 
woolen and cotton textiles, wine, jewelry and wearing 
apparel for ladies. The United States sends France raw 
cotton, meat and grain, for which France sends us manu¬ 
factures. 

France has a magnificent system of roads and canals, 
which has greatly facilitated transport of materials. Many 
of these roads were built by the Romans. 










78 


THE GREAT POWERS 


France has many railroads, which radiate from Paris to 
every section of the republic. Fast trains connect Paris 
with Berlin and Warsaw. The journey from Paris to Lon¬ 
don by way of Calais and Dover, across the Strait, takes 
but seven hours. Italy is reached through the Simplon, 
the St. Gotthard or the Mt. Cenis tunnel; Vienna and 
Constantinople by way of Strasbourg and Munich, across 
southern Germany. Madrid and the cities of Spain are 
reached by railways which round the extremities of the 
Pyrenees. 

From Havre and Cherbourg transatlantic liners sail to the 
United States. Marseille is the principal Mediterranean 
port and clears many vessels for the ports of South American 
countries. There are lines from Bordeaux to South America 
and to the Orient. 



Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

The Seine River, Paris. Notre Dame is located on the island in the 
river. 


Cities. Paris is the largest city on the mainland of 
Europe, and ranks third in size among the cities of the 
world, being surpassed only by London and New York. 
In the midst of a productive region, on a navigable river, 
and in direct communication with all the great countries 
of Europe, Paris has become an important manufacturing 










FRANCE 


79 


and commercial center. The finest gowns, gloves, per¬ 
fumery and porcelains come from Paris, and the fashions 
of the civilized world originate there. 



Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

The Grand Boulevard, Paris. Flushing the streets. 


Paris is said to be the most beautiful city of the world. 
The winding Seine, spanned by many low stone bridges, 
helps to beautify the city. The streets in the modern 
part of the city are broad and kept scrupulously clean. 
Some walks for pedestrians are as broad as the road¬ 
ways of our streets. Twice daily the streets are flushed, 
and street cleaners are busy all day. The houses, fre¬ 
quently of five stories, are built close to the walks, and 
are of uniform height and color. There is a law that new 
houses shall conform in style to those they adjoin. Be¬ 
cause of this law no beautiful building can be marred by 
an ugly neighbor. 






80 


THE GREAT POWERS 


Great tubes, similar to railroad tunnels, or subway 
tubes, are used as sewers. There are walks on both sides, 
and the stream of water carrying the refuse of Paris is 
of such tremendous force and volume that there is no 
offensive odor. 

The Champs Elysees is the grandest avenue in Paris. 
Great trees shade the walks. Many of the residents who 



Copyright, by Keystone View Company. 

Avenue des Champs Elysees (Elysian Fields), Paris. It extends for 
over a mile from the Place de la Concorde. 


live in private houses along the avenue are Americans 
or English. The Arc de Triomphe, at the end of the 
Champs Elysees, is a wonder in sculpture. It commemo¬ 
rates the victories of Napoleon, the greatest general of 
modern times. From this arch the twelve most fashion¬ 
able avenues of Paris radiate. 

The Museum of the Louvre is the most famous art gal¬ 
lery in the world. It extends along the Seine River for 
about half a mile. It contains more originals in sculp* 






FRANCE 


81 



Copyright, by Keystone View Company. 

Statuary in the Louvre, Paris. The Hall of the Caryatides. 

ture and painting than does any other museum. It con¬ 
tains the celebrated Venus of Milo. 

The Cathedral of Notre Dame is noted for the sculp¬ 
tures which ornament its portals, towers and columns. 
The great Napoleon was crowned in this church, and his 
little son was christened there. 

The Pantheon is an ancient church, where many noted 
Frenchmen are buried. The mural paintings represent 
paradise, purgatory and the infernal regions, as de¬ 
scribed by the great Italian poet Dante. 

The Hotel des Invalides is a home for old soldiers. In 
the church connected with this institution, in a circular 
crypt beneath the dome, rests the sarcophagus containing 
the remains of the great Napoleon. 

Napoleon Bonaparte was horn on the island of Corsica, 
entered the French army, and made himself its com¬ 
mander and the ruler of France. Under his leadership 








82 


THE GREAT POWERS 



France became the chief country of Europe. He was de¬ 
feated in 1815 at Waterloo, Belgium, by the English and 
their allies, under the Duke of Wellington, the “Iron 
Duke.” After this defeat, Napoleon was banished to the 
island of St. Helena, off the Atlantic coast of Africa, 
where he remained an exile until his death. 


Copyright, by Keystone View Company. 

Cathedral of Notre Dame, on an island in Paris. 

Lyon is the leading city of the world for silks and vel¬ 
vets. It owes its importance to the possession of superior 
water for dyeing. For centuries silk was woven on hand 
looms, all members of a family joining in the labor to 
produce the finished article. Early in the nineteenth cen¬ 
tury Jacquard invented the loom which bears his name. 
By its use the most elaborate patterns are as readily and 










FRANCE 


83 


cheaply woven as plain goods. The nearness of Lyon to 
coal fields, and its position on the Rhone, which furnishes 
water power, contribute to the progress of the silk in¬ 
dustry. So much silk is manufactured that in addition 
to what the native silkworms furnish, raw silk is imported 
from Italy, Switzerland, China and Japan. 

Havre is the seaport of Paris. It receives goods from 
the United States and Great Britain to he reshipped to 
other parts of Europe. The raw cotton which it receives 
from the United States is chiefly distributed to the cotton 
manufacturing towns of France. 



Copyright, by Keystone View Company. 

The harbor, Marseille, France. 


Marseille is the greatest French port. Its docks are 
among the finest in the world. It is the outlet for the 
products of the rich Rhone Valley, and it receives imports 
from Africa and the Orient. Marseille is one of the 
greatest coffee ports of the world. 




84 


THE GREAT POWERS 


Bordeaux, on the estuary of the Garonne River, is the 
chief port for the shipment of wines, and has an impor¬ 
tant trade with South America. 

Strasbourg, on the Rhine, is the chief city of Alsace- 
Lorraine, a large district which was taken from France in 
1871 but restored after the World War. 



Lille, a large manufacturing town in the north of 
France, is engaged in textile industries, and makes linen, 
cotton, woolen and other fabrics. 

St. Etienne, in the Rhone Valley, ranks next to Lyon 
in the silk industry and, like the larger city, has excellent 
water for dyeing. It manufactures ribbons. Coal is 
abundant in the highlands of the vicinity and is sent to 
many cities in southern France. Steel and firearms also 
are made in St. Etienne. 

Limoges is noted for its fine porcelain. 






FRANCE 


85 


Questions 

1. Name the three principal seaports of France. 

2. On which section of the coast is each ? 

3. Which are at the mouths of great rivers ? 

e Name a city on the Rhine, and tell something of its 
history. 

5. What is the chief city in the highland region of 
France? 

6. What other large city is near by? Is it on the right 
or the left bank of the Rhone? 

7. In what respect are the industries of these two 
cities alike? 

8. Why is their nearness to Italy an advantage? 

Government. France is a republic. The President is 
elected for seven years, by the majority vote of the Senate 
and Chamber of Deputies, the two branches of the French 
Legislature which correspond to the Senate and House of 
Representatives in the Congress of the United States. 

People. The French are an intelligent people, gifted in 
art and literature. They are polite, courageous and impul¬ 
sive. The laborers and peasants are distinguished by the 
sabot or wooden shoe, worn by both sexes, and by the 
blouse worn by the men and boys. In Paris and other 
cities, horse flesh, sold in shops where no other meat is 
permitted on sale, is used for food by the poorer people. 
French peasants are devoted to their families, are very 
thrifty, and their savings are well invested. 

Education is general in France, and the schools are 
well organized. The principles of good behavior are 
taught in the schools. Technical and scientific education 
is highly developed, and its influence appears in the 
great scientific and engineering achievements and artistic 
productiveness of the French. The Suez Canal, which 
joins the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, was dug 
by a French engineer, who also began the construction of 


86 


THE GREAT POWERS 


tlie Panama Canal, but was forced to abandon it. The 
French are among the leaders in experiments with air¬ 
ships and flying machines. Most of the great modern 
artists have studied in France. The statue of Liberty 
Enlightening the World, which greets every vessel that 
enters New York harbor, is the work of a French artist. 
The statue was presented to our country by the French 
people. Charlemagne (Charles the Great), the emperor 
who introduced education into France, and Joan of Arc, 
the inspired and patriotic Maid of Orleans, who led an 
army against English invaders, are but two of the many 
great names in French history* 


Exercises 


Imagine that you are spending a week in Paris. Which 
public building would you prefer to visit? Why? 

Write as complete an account of France as you can. 






Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

The sarcophagus of Napoleon Bonaparte, Paris. 




















CHAPTER V 



ITALY 

Italy was long ago the seat of the world’s greatest 
empire. It is famous for its bright blue skies and deep 
blue rivers and lakes. Man has helped nature to make 
Italy attractive, with artistic buildings, paintings and 
sculpture. 

Size. Italy is about twice the size of New York State, 


Copyright, by Keystone View Company. 

Monument to Columbus, Genoa, Italy. The mountains approach so 
close to the sea that the city rises in terraces from the shore. 

87 











88 


THE GREAT POWERS 



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ITALY 

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SWITZERLAND 


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PANTELLARIA 
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SCALE OF MILES 


MALT A< 


Longitude 


Greenwich 


L.L. POATES CO. 


but nearly four times as many people live in it. Next to 
Belgium, England and the Netherlands, it is the most 
densely populated country of Europe. 

Sicily and Sardinia are islands in the Mediterranean 
belonging to Italy. 

Sicily is larger than any New England State except 
Maine. In remote ages it was joined to both Europe and 
Africa. Its position midway between Italy and Africa, 































ITALY 


89 



and between Asia Minor and the Strait of Gibraltar, has 
made it many times the battleground of contending 
races. Its highest point is the volcano, Mt. Etna. 

Sardinia lies about 150 miles west of Italy. Sardines 
derive their name from this island. 

In shape Italy resembles a large boot projecting from 
south central Europe. The coast is deeply indented, 
forming many tine harbors. 

Questions 

1. What States on the Pacific coast of the United 
States are in the same latitude as Italy? 

2. What States on the Atlantic coast? 

3. What countries border on Italy? 

4. What is the nature of the boundaries between them 
and Italy? 

5. What large islands belong to Italy? 

Surface. The western Alps curve to the south and then 
to the east, joining the Apennines. The Apennines ex- 


An Italian villa ruined by earthquake during an eruption of 
Mt. Vesuvius. 











90 


THE GREAT POWERS 


tend to the extreme south of Italy, forming a ridge along 
the middle of the peninsula. Southern Italy is the cen¬ 
ter of the volcanic eruptions and earthquakes which char¬ 
acterize the Mediterranean countries. Mt. Vesuvius on 
the mainland, Mt. Etna in Sicily, and Stromboli near 
Sicily, are noted active volcanoes. 

Inclosed by the Alps and the Apennines is the fertile 
basin of the Po River. The rising of the land delivered 
it from the sea, and the silt brought by the streams built 
it up to its present level. The Po brings down so much 
sediment that it has deposited a great delta. The delta 
is low land, and part of it is protected from overflow by 
dikes. The great plain of the Po basin is the only impor¬ 
tant lowland of Italy. Though droughts frequently occur 
during the summer, Italy never suffers from need of 
water, for its lakes act as reservoirs, and it has an excel¬ 
lent system of irrigation. 



Lake Como, Italy. 


Maggiore, Lugano and Como are lakes in the north, 
frequented by tourists because of the beautiful surround¬ 
ing scenery and the deep blue of the waters. 

Climate. The Po basin receives cool winds from the 
snow-covered Alps, hence it is temperate. The penin¬ 
sular portion of Italy is warm because of the Mediter- 
ranean winds. 









ITALY 91 

The westerly winds deposit a moderate amount of 
rainfall over the northern part of Italy. 

The peninsular part of Italy has a rainy and a dry 
season. In winter the horse latitudes, with their rainless 
weather, are south of Italy. At that season the wester¬ 
lies bring rain, which is condensed by the Apennines, and 
falls upon the slopes of this central ridge. But with the 
advance of the sun northward the horse latitudes extend 
over southern Italy, which is then subject to droughts. 

Some sections of Italy, especially in the south, are sub¬ 
ject to malaria, and on this account are uninhabitable. 
The eucalyptus, or blue gum, a majestic tree found in 
Australia, valued for its timber, has been widely planted 
to absorb the standing water which breeds the malaria- 
producing mosquito. - 

The northwestern coast in the neighborhood of Genoa 
is part of the Riviera and has a delightful climate. 

Products. It is not surprising that Italy has a dense 
population, for it is rich in products. In northern Italy 
there are great fields of rice, flax, hemp, grain and hay. 
Farther south there are luxuriant groves of oranges, 
lemons, olives and chestnuts. The cypress, pine and live 
oak are characteristic trees. The soil and climate are 
so favorable that two or three crops of vegetables and 
hay are gathered each year, largely by the aid of irriga¬ 
tion. 

On the western slopes of the Apennines there are vine¬ 
yards almost equal to those of France. Italy ranks sec¬ 
ond to France in the production of wine. Large num¬ 
bers of mulberry trees are cultivated in western Italy, 
and silkworms are fed upon their leaves. Italy’s output 
of raw silk is next to that of China and Japan. 

From the warm waters of the Mediterranean and the 
Adriatic the Italians secure sponges and coral, as well as 
tunnies and sardines. 


92 


THE GREAT POWERS 



Mt. Etna, Sicily. 

Sulphur is procured from the volcanoes, principally 
from the vicinity of Mount Etna in Sicily. No other 
country in the world produces so much sulphur. Marble 
is mined in Carrara. The Carrara marble, on account of 
its fine grain, is considered the most beautiful in the 
world, and is preferred for statuary. Quicksilver, iron 
and borax are also found. 

Questions 

1. Between what mountain ranges is the valley of the 
Po River! 

2. Which range lies north of this valley! In what 
direction does it extend! 

3. Which range is south of the Po ! In what direction 
does it extend! 

4. What volcanoes are in Italy! 

5. Where is each located! 

Industries. Farming is the principal pursuit of the 
Italians. Cattle, goats and sheep are reared. 




ITALY 


93 


Thousands of children gather mulberry leaves for a 
few pennies a day. The leaves are placed upon trays, 
where the silkworms feed upon them. When the silk¬ 
worm has its growth it spins a cocoon. The cocoons are 
steamed to kill the chrysalis, and are then placed in hot 
soapy water to loosen the fibers from the gum. Then the 
fibers are spun and constitute raw silk. 

Though the coal mines in Italy produce low grade fuel, 
there is considerable manufacturing. Much use is made of 
water power, not only for the direct operation of mill 
wheels, as was the custom even before the discovery of the 
steam engine, but also to develop electricity, which can be 
conveyed by wires for long distances and used to run electric 
motors, which in turn operate machinery. The principal 
manufacture is silk. 

The olive oil of Italy is considered the best in the 
world, and Italian wines rank in quality next to those of 
Prance. 

Macaroni and cheese, much of the latter made from 
goats’ milk, are two important food products. They are 
cheap, and large quantities are consumed. Large quan¬ 
tities also are exported. 

The beautiful country, the noble history, and the treas¬ 
ures of art bequeathed from the ancient Roman Empire 
and from the great sculptors, painters and architects of 
the Middle Ages, provide for the Italian people an edu¬ 
cation in art and good taste which reflects itself in their 
character and in many of their manufactured products. 

Their glassware, mosaics and marbles and their wood 
and coral carvings are highly artistic. 

Commerce. Italy is rich in good harbors, and carries 
on trade with all Mediterranean countries. Her favor¬ 
able position, midway between the Atlantic Ocean and 
Asia, made Italy of old a great commercial and maritime 
nation. Venice was then the center of the trade between 



94 


THE GREAT POWERS 


Europe and the Orient. In the days of Columbus the 
sailors and sea captains of the great Italian ports com¬ 
manded the ships which the monarchs of other nations 
fitted out to explore the unknown sections of the world. 
But nations more powerful, and better situated for the 
world’s trade, long ago outstripped her. Since the open¬ 
ing of the Suez Canal and of the Alpine tunnels her con¬ 
dition has improved. 



The Tiber River at Rome. The dome of St. Peter’s appears in the 
distance, and the Castle of St. Angelo at the right. 


The great steamship companies have made use of 
Italy’s natural advantages as a maritime country. At 
Brindisi on the Adriatic Sea the noted British company 
called the “P. & 0.” (Peninsular and Oriental) trans¬ 
fers the mails from railway trains to vessels sailing to 
India, China and Australia. Other British companies 
have lines from Naples to America and to Asia. There 
are Italian lines from Genoa to the same quarters. 

The acquisition of the great seaport Trieste after the 






ITALY 


95 


World War has added much to the sea-borne commerce 
of Italy. 

Through the passes and tunnels of Mt. Cenis, St. Gott- 
hard and the Simplon, raw silk, hemp, flax, marble, sul¬ 
phur, and rice are shipped by railroad to Germany, Great 
Britain, France and other European nations. Italy has 
an important trade with Argentina. Italy’s imports are 
wheat, coal, raw cotton and machinery. To the United 
States Italy sends silks, cheese and works of art. We send 
to Italy wheat, raw cotton, and kerosene oil. 

Cities. Rome, the capital, is built on seven hills, over¬ 
looking the Tiber, the principal river west of the Apen¬ 
nines. Mainly because it had lost its political importance, 
and doubtless also because of malaria, Rome, which in 
its ancient grandeur had a million or more people, de¬ 
clined to a quarter of that number. But since it became 
the capital of modern Italy, it has almost trebled its popu¬ 
lation, having now nearly three quarters of a million in- 



The Rotto Bridge, Rome. It replaced the bridge which Horatius is 
fabled to have defended, and is now replaced by the modern 
bridge beside it, 








96 


THE GREAT POWERS 


habitants, and bids fair to justify the name “The 
Eternal City,” by which it is known. The city is built 
on both sides of the river, which is spanned by twelve 
modern bridges. 

The glory of modern Rome is St. Peter’s, the largest 
cathedral in the world. It was over one hundred fifty 
years in building, and many architects in turn designed 



St. Peter’s Cathedral, Rome. The building at the right is the Vatican. 


different parts. The dome was planned by the great 
sculptor, painter and architect, Michael Angelo. 

The piazza, with a colonnade of magnificently carved 
columns encircling monuments and beautiful fountains, 
is one of the stateliest spots in Rome. 

Adjoining the cathedral is the Vatican, the home of the 
Pope, a palace containing four thousand rooms filled 
with art treasures. 

Part of the modern city was built over ruins of ancient 
Rome, which had become covered with earth during the 
passage of the centuries. As people became more inter- 







ITALY 


97 



Ruins of the Roman Forum. 

ested in the history of Rome many ancient ruins were 
uncovered, and the excavations still continue. 

The Forum is a comparatively narrow public square 
of the ancient city, about which many of the most impor¬ 
tant buildings were clustered. It was the center of the 
municipal life of ancient Rome. It was a place of assem¬ 
bly on public occasions and was ornamented by columns 
and statues in honor of distinguished Romans. 

The Coliseum, the great pleasure amphitheater of an¬ 
cient Rome, whose arches are now half crumbled away, 
ivy-grown and desolate, was formerly the scene of gigan¬ 
tic shows. Forty thousand Romans could be seated on 
the tiers of stone benches, from which they could see all 
the spectacles in the sandy arena. It was here that four- 
borse chariots raced madly and trained gladiators fought 
to the death and hundreds of Christian martyrs were 
rent to pieces by wild beasts. 

The Catacombs are a network of tunnels, hundreds of 
miles long, just outside the city. They were used as 










98 


THE GREAT POWERS 


In the foreground of the picture 
is the amphitheater at Pompeii. 
Bulwer-Lytton, in “ The Last Days / 
of Pompeii/’ pictures a scene in this 
amphitheater during the destruction 
of the city. 


Mt. Vesuvius. 

burial places, and millions of bodies are interred there. 
The early Christians used them for hiding places in 
periods of persecution, their friends and sympathizers 
supplying them with food in secret. 

Naples is the largest city of Italy. It is on the west 
coast, farther south than Rome. It is built on a hill, 
which slopes gently from a broad bay whose limpid 
waters are as blue as the sky. The people seem to live in 
the streets. Men and women sit there at work, and maca¬ 
roni, for which Naples is noted, is left there to dry. 

Vesuvius, back of Naples, is visited by many tourists. 
At the beginning of the Christian era prosperous towns 
and villages stood on its slopes. In 79 a.d. a great erup¬ 
tion took place, and the mud, water, lava and ashes com¬ 
pletely buried two towns, Herculaneum and Pompeii. 
One day, many centuries afterward, on the former site 
of Pompeii, a farmer struck something hard with his 
spade. He continued digging, and unearthed a statue. 
This led to further excavations, and now a great part of 
Pompeii has been uncovered. For miles and miles around 






ITALY 


99 


Vesuvius* and Etna the country is covered with volcanic 
ash, which is very fertile. Flower gardens of surpassing 
beauty are found in these regions. 

The other large cities of southern Italy are in Sicily. 

Palermo, the largest Sicilian town, is in the northwest¬ 
ern part of the island. It is of great antiquity, and be¬ 
longed to the Phoenicians, who were great sailors. Long 
before the time of Julius Caesar, their galleys, rowed by 
slaves, voyaged as far as Great Britain. Palermo is a 
great port, shipping oranges, lemons and wine. 

Catania, another port of Sicily, is near Mt. Etna. In 
addition to wine and lemons and oranges, Catania ships 
sulphur and pumice stone, from the volcanic region. 

Messina, a large and flourishing city on the strait of 
the same name, exports large quantities of fine olives and 
olive oil. 

Milan, the largest city of northern Italy, is in the rich 
plain of Lombardy, as part of the Po basin is called. It 
is the chief financial, manufacturing and commercial city 















100 


THE GREAT POWERS 



Scene in Venice. The tall building is the Campanile or Bell Tower, 
which fell in 1902 and had to be rebuilt. 


of Italy. It has excellent railway facilities, fine parks, 
big stores, and broad streets lined with handsome marble 
houses. 

The Milan Cathedral, a large white structure of 
marble, is famed for its hundred spires. In the niches 
there are several thousand statues. 

Tukin is at the foot of the Alps in the part of Italy 
known as Piedmont (pied means foot). The Alpine tor¬ 
rents furnish power for generating electricity, which is 
widely used in the factories of Turin. Silk and cotton 
goods are woven; leather is tanned and made into many 
articles. Turin is one of the chief seats of the automo¬ 
bile industry of the world. 

Genoa is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus and 
the principal seaport of Italy. It has a large harbor, and 
imports coal, iron and sugar. 

Venice, the fairyland of Italy, is a city built on about 
eighty islands, connected by about one hundred bridges. 








ITALY 


101 



Copyright, by Keystone Vieio Company. 

The Rialto Bridge over the Grand Canal, Venice. There are three 
footways separated by two rows of shops. 

There are no horses and no wagons in Venice, for the 
streets are canals. On the edge of each canal there is a 
narrow walk, from which the moss-covered, weather- 
stained sculptured marble houses rise abruptly. The long 
black boats which carry passengers about the city are 
called gondolas. 

The Grand Canal sweeps between ranges of palaces 
embowered in foliage. At night the lights of the Vene¬ 
tian lamps and the sound, of the mandolins played in the 
gondolas have an indescribable fascination. 

The most noted bridge over the Grand Canal is the 
Rialto, an arched marble span, roofed, and so broad that 
there are shops upon it. It is the chief business center 
of the city. On a minor canal, between the Doge’s Palace 
or courthouse and the prison, is the famous Bridge of 
Sighs, over which condemned criminals went to meet 
their doom. 






102 


THE GREAT POWERS 


Near the Bridge of Sighs is St. Mark’s Square, the 
principal square of Venice, and St. Mark’s Church, with 
its famous Campanile or Bell Tower. 



Statue of Dante at Florence, Italy. 

The Venetians make glassware and mosaics. Five hun¬ 
dred years ago Venice was the greatest seaport of southern 
Europe, but its trade has declined greatly. It is visited 
by many tourists. 

Trieste is the chief port on the Adriatic Sea and is much 
larger than Venice. It is the port for the extensive com¬ 
merce east and west with Austria and the valley of the 
Danube. It is connected with New York, Brazil, Buenos 
Aires and the Far East by steamship lines. 

Florence has many masterpieces of sculpture and 
painting in its art galleries. It was the home of Dante, 
one of the greatest poets of any time and country. 

Leghorn is one of the large ports of Italy. Besides oil, 



























ITALY 


103 


wine and agricultural products, it exports straw hats and 
other articles of Italian manufacture. Shipbuilding is a 
leading industry. 

Bologna is an important railway center. Among other 
products, it manufactures the sausage which hears the 
name of the city. Its university is one of the oldest in 
Europe. 

Pisa is noted for its leaning Campanile, or bell tower. 



“Leaning Tower” of Pisa, Italy. It is 181 feet in height. During its 
construction the foundation began to sink and caused the tower 
to lean. 


Questions 

1. How many miles is it from Milan to Florence? 

2. From Florence to Rome? From Rome to Naples? 

3. What is the distance from Milan to Brindisi? 

4. Why is Brindisi a better port for the Indian mail 
steamships than Naples or Palermo? 









104 


THE GREAT POWERS 


5. What is the distance from Naples to Palermo? 

6. What island is south of Sicily? 

7. To what country does it belong? 

8. What islands are northwest of Sicily? To what 
countries do they belong? 


Exercises 

Trace a voyage from Genoa to Venice. Through what 
waters would you sail? 

Make a list of Italian cities arranged according to lati¬ 
tude. I 

Government. Italy is a limited monarchy, with Rome 
as the capital. In former times Italy was divided into 
several independent countries; but in 1860-1870 they were 
united under King Victor Emmanuel, and since that time 
the progress of Italy has been marked. 

People. Italians are kind, social and polite. They are 
great lovers of beauty, in form, color and sound. Among 
the greatest names of history are those of many Italians, 
such as Columbus, the discoverer of America; Raphael, 
the painter; Michael Angelo, the sculptor, painter and 
architect; Galileo, the astronomer who perfected the tele¬ 
scope; Verdi, the composer, and Garibaldi, the patriot. 
In the warm southern regions the peasants are apt to be 
indolent, and, on the whole, are not prosperous. Many of 
them emigrate. The coffee plantations of South America 
employ hosts of Italian laborers. Italians are numerous 
in Buenos Aires, where they engage in the building trades 
and in storekeeping. The Italian colony of New York 
City numbers several hundred thousand. Many emi¬ 
grants, after making a modest fortune in North or South 
America, have returned to Italy. The United States owes 
to the labor of Italians many of its most important public 
works. 


ITALY 


105 


Colonies. Italy has become an important world power, 
with colonies in northern and eastern Africa, and economic 
rights in part of Asia Minor. 

Fiume, on the Adriatic, between Italy and Jugoslavia, is 
not a part of either country. It is an independent city- 
state. Italy has special rights in part of the harbor and 
Jugoslavia has rights in another part. Fiume is the chief 
port for shipping products to and from Jugoslavia. 

Questions 

1. Which extends farther west, Germany or Italy? 

2. Which of the two extends farther east? 

3. What two large islands belong to Italy? 

4. Which is the nearer to Italy? 

5. For what is it noted? 

6. Which is farther north ? 

7. What other large island is near the Italian coast? 

8. How does it compare in size with the two large 
Italian islands? 

9. In what direction is it from Rome? 

10. In what direction is it from Genoa? 

11. To what country does it belong? 

Exercise 


Write a description of Italy. 


CHAPTER VI 


GERMANY 


At the beginning of this century Germany was Great 
Britain’s chief rival as a world power. In 1914, Germany 
began against Russia, France and Belgium the most terrible 
war of history. Most of the nations of the world, including 
the United States, were drawn into the conflict; and in 
1919, Germany, after deposing the emperor, was com- 



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► \Uoiogne 


' Erfurt/ _ 


Breslau 


vJIeissen 

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lssingen; 


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f‘ n Sen Mainz 

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Longitude 10° East from 15° Greenwich 20° 


A Uithu^ a 


( GERMANY 

I RP.A1 F OF Mil FR 


106 
































GERMANY 


107 


pelled to sign the Treaty of Versailles, by which it gave up 
its colonies abroad and large areas in Europe, and sur¬ 
rendered its fleet. Although impoverished by a huge 
national debt, and by the loss of its commerce, Germany 
is still a powerful and important country. It has valuable 
natural resources and many large, well-built cities. The 
people are thrifty and skillful, and produce a great amount 
of manufactured goods of high quality. 

Location. Germany occupies an advantageous position 
in the center of Europe, although one part, East Prussia, 
is separated from the rest by a part of Poland. Ten coun¬ 
tries touch its borders. Tunnels through the Alps facilitate 
commerce toward the south, and in the north the Baltic 
and North seas, connected by the Kiel Canal, give easy 
access to Scandinavia, Great Britain, the Baltic republics 
and the open sea. 

Size and Population. Among European countries, Ger¬ 
many is smaller than either Russia, France or Spain, but in 
population it is second only to Russia. 

Questions 

1. Which is farther east, the northeastern part of 
Germany or the Cape of Good Hope ? 

2. What countries border on Germany? 

3. Compare the lengths of coast on the two seas. 

4. Which coast is of greater importance to Germany ? 
Why? 

5. What city is at the eastern entrance to the canal 
connecting the North and Baltic seas ? 

6. With what river does the western entrance to this 
canal connect ? 

7. Of what advantage is this canal to Germany ? 

Surface. The surface of Germany slopes in three stages 
toward the north. The lowest is northern and eastern 
Germany, which forms part of the Great Plain. Southern 
Germany consists of old, weathered mountains, worn down 


108 


THE GREAT POWERS 


to a plateau. Near Switzerland there are high mountain 
ranges. In the mountains of the Black Forest, east of the 
Rhine, there are peaks about 5,000 feet high. 

Drainage. The rivers of Germany are navigable, and 
flow in one general direction, northward. Their tributaries, 
connected by canals, form a network of waterways through 
the land. The Rhine, Elbe and Oder have been internation¬ 
alized, to give the countries in the interior, in which they 
rise, access to the sea. 

The Rhine is called the most beautiful river of the 
World. It rises among the Alpine glaciers on the St. Gott- 
hard Mountain and descends turbulently to beautiful Lake 
Constance. At Schaffhausen (workhouses), in Switzerland, 
it forms the greatest falls of Europe. The Rhine thence 
wends its way through the plateau region. The majestic 



The Lorelei Rock on the Rhine. 


Lorelei Rock (between Bingen and Koblenz), at whose base 
many a ship has been shattered, is supposed to have been the 
haunt of a beautiful woman whose singing lured sailors to 
destruction. The Drachenfels (Dragon’s Rock, between 
Koblenz and Cologne) is fabled to have been inhabited by 
a dragon, who was put to death by the hero Siegfried. 







GERMANY 


109 



Copyright , by Underwood & Underwood. 


E hr enbreit stein. 

The Rhine Valley is a great grape country. Hill after 
hill is terraced and vine-clad. 

The mountains along the Rhine are topped with ancient 
castles, half in ruins. Among the celebrated castles is that 
of Bingen. Near Koblenz, where American forces were 
stationed after the armistice of 1918, is the modern fortress 
of Ehrenbreitstein, which was afterwards disarmed and dis¬ 
mantled in accordance with the terms of the treaty of peace. 

The Rhine brings down from the highlands a great amount 
of alluvium, which forms a delta at its mouth. The delta 
of the Rhine is not within German territory, but in the 
Netherlands. 

Questions 

1. Which European countries are separated from Ger¬ 
many by mountain boundaries? 

2. What important river of Germany has its outlet on 
foreign soil? 

3. In what part of Germany is it? 

4. In what country is its mouth? 






110 


THE GREAT POWERS 


5. By what country is northeast Germany cut off from 
the rest of the republic? 

6. What countries benefit by the internationalizing of 
the Rhine, Elbe and Oder rivers? 


Exercises * 

Make a list of the great rivers of Germany. State into 
what water each flows. Name a city near the mouth of 
each. Explain what is meant by an “ internationalized 
river.” 



A terraced hillside with vineyards at Bingen on the Rhine. On the 
low island stands the Mouse Tower of the Bishop of Bingen, men¬ 
tioned by Longfellow in “ The Children’s Hour.” 


Climate. Germany lies in the latitude of southern Can¬ 
ada, but Germany has a much milder climate than most 
of Canada, for it is in the path of the westerly winds, and 
is near enough to the Atlantic Ocean to get the benefit of 
the warm drift. 

Products. As the practical and persistent Germans 
have made the mountains of the Rhine fit for the growth 









GERMANY 


111 


of the vine, so they have tirelessly transformed the inferior 
soil of the northern plain into fertile farms, which produce 
beets, potatoes, flax, rye and other grains. The sheltered 
valleys of the south produce grapes, hops and tobacco. 

About one fourth of Germany is forest. The mountains 
are just low enough to be well wooded. Germany has 
solved the problem of taking care of its forests. For¬ 
estry is taught in the agricultural colleges, and forest laws 



Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

A field of sugar beets, Germany. Women hoeing. 

have been made and are strictly enforced. New forests 
are constantly being planted to replace the trees cut for 

timber. 

The rocky, rugged foothills make good pasture land, 
on which feed some of the greatest cattle herds of Europe. 
In the sections where sheep were formerly raised the refuse 
of beets is used to feed hogs. 






112 THE GREAT POWERS 



Beet culture of Europe. 


The plateau, and especially the Erzgebirge (ore moun¬ 
tains) abound in minerals. Germany has much coal and 
iron, but both minerals are inferior to ours in quality. 
Zinc, copper, lead, salt and silver are mined, and there are 
vast deposits of potash, valuable as fertilizer. 

In southern Germany there are many mineral springs 
whose waters have a medicinal use. The mineral springs 
of Baden-Baden, Kissingen, Wiesbaden and Aachen, are 
visited by tourists. 

Industries. The principal industries are agriculture, 
herding, manufacturing, mining, lumbering and commerce. 
Rye and oats are the principal cereals. More potatoes 
are raised in Germany than anywhere else in the world. 
Russia alone, of European countries, has (in normal times) 
more cattle. 

Germany ranks high in the quantity of manufactured 
goods. Cotton, woolen, silk and linen textiles are ex- 



GERMANY 


113 



tensively manufactured, much iron and steel are made, 
and various kinds of machines and ships are built in fac- 
tories and shipyards. 

The Germans were the first people to find that com¬ 
mercial sugar could be obtained from the beet root. As 
soon as they made this important discovery, they developed 
improved varieties of beets containing a larger amount of 
sugar. 


Copyright , by Underwood & Underwood. 

Making toys, Germany. 

From hops and barley beer is brewed. Wine is manu¬ 
factured in the Rhine country. The so-called Dresden 
china is made in Meissen, Saxony, the oldest seat of this 
industry in Europe, but the quality of the ware is inferior 
to the best French and English porcelain. 

Germany's great forests have led to the manufacture 
of furniture and toys. At Nuremberg, men, women and 
children are busy from morning until night making toys, 
which are sold all over the world. 

The manufacture of artificial dyestuffs, especially from 
coal tar, and the production of other chemicals, have been 







114 


THE GREAT POWERS 


carried to a high degree of perfection by the Germans. 
Many of the great industrial establishments maintain ex¬ 
pensive laboratories; where experiments are carried on to 
find ways of making better and cheaper wares. 

Germany has more miles of railway than any other 
countiy except the United States and Russia. From 
Berlin railroads radiate to every part of the country, and 
beyond its boundaries to other European capitals. Munich 
is on the line of the Oriental Express from Paris to Con¬ 
stantinople, and Berlin is connected, by way of Warsaw 
in Poland, with the Trans-Siberian Railway to the Pacific 
coast of Asia. 

Commerce. Germany exports iron and steel goods, cot¬ 
ton, woolen, silk and linen textiles, china, toys, fish, potash 
and chemicals. Its imports are raw cotton, wool, silk, food¬ 
stuffs, glassware and dyes. 

As a result of the World War, Germany’s commerce was 
destroyed. Other countries supplanted Germany, not only 
in its former colonies, but in almost every market of the’ 
world, and the best vessels of its merchant marine were 
taken by the Allies to replace the shipping which German 
submarines had destroyed in the war. Germany is building 
new ships and striving to regain its foreign trade. German 
exporters cater to the needs of foreign buyers and are on 
friendly terms with the merchants of Russia, the interior of 
Asia, and most of the South American countries. Geography 
is very thoroughly taught in the schools and universities, 
and the people seek to develop the commerce of the 
country. 

To the United States Germany sends textiles, toys, and 
manufactured steel and iron. The United States sends 
Germany foodstuffs, oil-cake, tobacco, cotton, petroleum, 
iron and steel manufactures. 

Germany has for many years had a protective tariff, as has 
the United States; this is designed to prevent the irnpor- 


GERMANY 


115 


tation of foreign products to the detriment of its own 
industries. 

Cities. Germany has more than twenty cities each with 
a population of 200,000 or more. Great Britain, with a con¬ 
siderably smaller area and population, has about twenty 
such cities, and the United States, with a much greater area 
and population, has more than thirty. 



The Brandenburg Gate, at the west end of Unter den Linden, Berlin. 


Berlin, the capital of the German Republic, is the third 
largest city of Europe. It is on the route of several great 
railways, which connect it with other capitals, and it has good 
water connections as well. It has therefore grown to be a large 
manufacturing and trade center. It controls the finances 
of Germany and manufactures much clothing and a great 
variety of articles of artistic merit. It is a clean city, with 
beautiful avenues and streets, made attractive by squares, 
small parks, and statues commemorative of great Germans 
and their deeds. Unter den Linden is a very broad street, 
a mile long. At one end is the palace of the President, and 















1 

* 



Alexander Square, Berlin. 


































GERMANY 117 

at the other a fine zoological garden. The University of 
Berlin has a world-wide reputation. 

Hamburg, the second largest city of Germany, is the 
most important seaport of that country, being the 


Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

The President’s Palace, Berlin. 

outlet not only for German goods but for a large part of the 
exports of Austria, Hungaiy and Czechoslovakia. Located 
on the deep estuary of the Elbe, which is an international¬ 
ized river, it offers shelter to hundreds of ships from all 
parts of the world. Within the city several basins and 
canals afford communication with the river and harbor. 
A part of the city belongs to Czechoslovakia for use as a 
port. It is the chief center of German trade with the 
United States. The docks of the Hamburg-American line 
are located here. Hamburg carries on an extensive river 
traffic with the interior of Germany, and is connected by 
rail with Berlin and Paris. Hamburg has the advantage 
over the Baltic ports of being nearer to the open ocean and 
of having a harbor that in winter is free from ice. 







118 


THE GREAT POWERS 



Post Office, Hamburg, Germany. 


Bremen, situated on the Weser, about fifty miles from 
its mouth, is an important North Sea port, having trade 
connections with all parts of the world. It is the chief 
port in Germany for the receipt of raw cotton. 

Hanover is an important railway center, noted for the 
great variety of its manufactures and for the purity with 
which German is spoken there. The city has beautiful 
parks and suburbs. 

Stettin, near the mouth of the Oder, one of the inter¬ 
nationalized rivers, ranks first among the Baltic ports. It 
is a great shipbuilding center. Czechoslovakia has the use 
of a section of the city as a port. 

Konigsberg, on the Baltic, is the trade center and sea¬ 
port of East Prussia, which is separated from the rest of 
Germany by a part of Poland. It is noted as the seat of an 
ancient and famous university. 

Kiel, located at the eastern end of the Baltic-to-North 
Sea ship canal, has a fine harbor. The Kiel Canal is an 
international waterway. 

Cologne is the chief commercial city of the Rhine Val¬ 
ley. Seagoing vessels ascend the Rhine and discharge 









GERMANY 


119 



their cargoes there. It is a great railway center, having 
connections east and west. It ships wine and woolen goods. 
Cologne is noted for its cathedral and its perfumes. 

Mannheim, at the head of navigation on the Rhine, has 
large sugar refineries; it manufactures iron, celluloid and 
electrical goods. 


The Cathedral, Cologne, Germany 

Krefeld, located like Cologne on the left bank of the 
Rhine, is a city about the size of Paterson, New Jersey. 
Next to Lyon, in France, it is the principal European city 
for the manufacture of silks and velvets. Like Lyon, 
it maintains its supremacy largely because of excellent 
water for dyeing. A textile academy is located there, to 
which students of textile industries resort from all parts 
of the world. 

Near Cologne, but on the east bank of the Rhine, is 
Dusseldorf, one of the handsomest cities in Germany. It 
is one of a group of great manufacturing cities and towns 
which owe their prosperity to the coal and iron fields of 









120 


THE GREAT POWERS 



An electric railway in the Ruhr Basin. The cars are suspended below 
the track. 

Westphalia, a province of Prussia. Besides iron, Dlisseldorf 
has important cotton industries. 

Duisburg, Dortmund and Essen are other great cities 
of the same region, engaged in iron and steel manufacture. 
These three cities, with several others, are in the basin of the 
Ruhr River, which is a very important manufacturing dis¬ 
trict. At Essen are located the famous Krupp foundries. 

Magdeburg, on the Elbe River, is the most important 
trade center of central Germany. It has important steel 
works and sugar refineries. The surrounding district is 
largely engaged in beet-growing. 

Leipzig is the bookshop of Germany. There are many 
printing houses, and the cheapness of their publications 
has made them known all over the world. Leipzig has a 
noted university and is also a trade center. Its leading 
article of commerce is furs. 

Dresden is on the Elbe, near the border of Czechoslo¬ 
vakia. One of its chief exports is artificial flowers. Its 
art gallery is famous. Raphael’s Sistine Madonna is one 
of its famous possessions. 





GERMANY 


121 



Chemnitz, near Dresden, has extensive locomotive works, 
cotton mills and other factories. 

Breslau is on the Oder River at the point where the 
railroads, east and west, find a convenient crossing. Woolen 
manufactures, especially of yarn, are important, and it has 
extensive commerce in grain, timber and coal. 

Munich is the art center of Germany and has famous 
museums and conservatories of art and music. It is the 


Copyright , by Underwood & Underwood. 

The Courthouse, Munich, Germany. 


seat of a great university. Its chief industry is the brew¬ 
ing of beer. Scientific instruments are made there. Munich 
is a great commercial city on account of its communications 
with Switzerland, Austria and Italy. 

Stuttgart, a large railway center of southern Germany, 
is noted as a publishing city. It manufactures paper, paint 
and musical instruments. Its important museums and art 
galleries have made it a center of culture. 

Frankfort-am-Main is on a tributary of the Rhine. It 
is on the site of an ancient Roman camp. It is a great 
center of finance and banking. 







122 


THE GREAT POWERS 



Copyright , hy Underwood & Underwood. 

Nuremburg, Germany. Notice the steep roof on the left, with its many 
dormer windows. 

Nuremberg does not look like a modern city. Its quaint 
streets and houses accord well with its distinction as the 
greatest toy market in the world. Other products are 
fancy articles and carvings of wood and ivory. 

Questions 

1. Compare the latitude of Berlin with that of cities of 
the United States. 

2. Name some important university towns in Germany. 
Name three in the British Isles. Five in the United States. 

3. Which has the greater altitude, Cologne or Munich? 

4. What is the principal industry at Stettin? 

5. In what direction would a boat float if set adrift upon 
the Rhine River at Cologne? 

6. Into what river does the Ruhr flow? For what is the 
Ruhr Basin noted? 






GERMANY 


123 


Government. Germany is a republic. There are eigh¬ 
teen German States. Among the more important are 
Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony. Prussia is much larger than 
all the other States together. Each State sends representa¬ 
tives to the upper house of the national legislature. Both 
men and women have the right to vote for members of the 
Reichstag, or lower house. Each of the German States has 
its own local government. 



The Reichstag Building, Berlin, Germany. 


People. The Germans are descendants of the Teutonic 
branch of the Caucasian race, whose attacks helped to 
cause the downfall of the Roman Empire. The Germans 
are well educated and noted for their proficiency in arts 
and sciences. Their musical talent is highly developed. 
Great names in German history are: Frederick the Great, 
the authors, Goethe, Schiller and Heine; Wagner, the com¬ 
poser; and Bismarck, the statesman. 

There are many people of German descent in the United 
States, in South America, and in the former colonies of 
Germany in Africa. 













124 


THE GREAT POWERS 



German peasants. 


Questions 

1. Which of the Great Powers is altogether farther 
south than any part of Germany? 

2. What countries separate Germany from Italy? 

3. Does the whole of any Great Power lie farther north 
than Germany? 

4. Which European countries extend farther north 
than Germany? 

5. Which of the Great Powers lie east of Germany? 
Which lie west ? Which lie south? 

6. Which of the Great Powers border on Germany ? 

7 . What advantages does Germany derive from its cen¬ 
tral position in Europe? What disadvantages? 

Exercises 

Imagine yourself in Berlin. In what direction are you 
from New York? Chicago? San Francisco? Rio de Ja¬ 
neiro? Buenos Aires? Panama? Valparaiso? The Cape 
of Good Hope? Madagascar? Japan? 

Describe a journey down the Rhine. 

Write all you can of Germany. 






CHAPTER VII 


RUSSIA 

Russia occupies the eastern part of Europe. It covers 
about half of Europe, and claims Siberia and other regions 
in northern and southwestern Asia. 

Size and Population. Russia is by far the largest country 
in Europe. It has about as many inhabitants as Germany 
and Italy combined. Russia is only about half as large as 
the United States, but it has almost as many people. 


Questions 

(Turn to the maps on page 7 and in Appendix.) 

1. What part of Russia is in the same latitude as the 
northern United States? 

2. What countries border Russia on the west? On the 
south? 

3. What part of Africa is in the same longitude as Russia? 

4. How much of Russia extends farther east than Africa? 

5. What part of the Pacific coast of Asia has the same 
latitude as the Caucasus Mountains? 

Surface. Russia in Europe is a vast plain, scarcely in¬ 
terrupted by the Valdai Hills, and bordered on the east 
by the Ural Mountains, and on the south by the Caucasus. 
The limits of political European Russia extend east of the 
Ural Mountains and do not, therefore, strictly coincide 

with the natural boundary of Europe. 

125 


126 


THE GREAT POWERS 


The northern part of the plain is marshy, and is known 
as the tundras. It is a bleak, dreary region, where moss, 
lichens and stunted trees are the only forms of vegeta¬ 
tion. The Samoyeds, the semi-savage inhabitants, live 
in bark tents and, with their dogs and reindeer, move 
about at will. 



Samoyeds and their dogs. 


South of the tundras is the forest region, a vast wil¬ 
derness covering two fifths of Russia, and abounding in 
fur-bearing animals, such as the sable and ermine. 

In sharp contrast with this region is the one directly 
south of it. Here population is densest, for the soil is 
fertile. Because of the rich black mold it is known as 
the Black Earth region. 

Southeast of the Black Earth region are the steppes, 
treeless grass-grown plains, which supply pasturage for 
sheep, cattle and horses, the largest herds of all Europe. 
There is not enough rainfall for grain. 

The Caucasus Mountains rise abruptly from the 
steppes. They form part of the physical boundary be¬ 
tween Europe and Asia. Next to the Alps they are the 
highest mountains of Europe. Mt. Elburz, an extinct 
volcano, is about 18,000 feet in height. 

Since the rivers have their sources at moderate eleva- 





RUSSIA 


127 



tions, and then flow through remarkably level plains, 
they have sluggish currents. Together with numerous 
canals which have been constructed, they afford excellent 
means of transportation during the summer. 

The Volga, the longest river in Europe, rises in the 
Valdai Hills and flows into the Caspian Sea. It forms 
a large delta at its mouth. The Caspian Sea is the largest 


The Volga River at Nizhni Novgorod. 

inland sea in the world. It is a body of salt water more 
than five times as large as Lake Superior. It is about 85 
feet below the level of the sea. It has many tributaries 
besides the Volga, hut has no outlet. Evaporation leaves 
the water salt. There are steamships on the Caspian. 

Questions 

(Turn to the map, page 14.) 

1. In what elevated part of the Russian plain does 
the Volga River rise? 

2. What other river flowing southward rises near the 
Volga? 













128 THE GREAT POWERS 

3. What is the character of the mouth of the Volga 
River ? 

4. What causes it? 

5. What is the elevation of the land about the mouth 
of the Volga? 

6. What are the plains of this region called ? 

Climate. Russia has a continental climate, that is, a 
climate like the interior of all great land masses of the 
Temperate Zone, hot in summer and cold in winter. It 
is quite open to both the Arctic and the Mediterranean 
winds. Russia has, therefore, extremes in temperature. 
The country is so large that the average temperature of 
southern Russia is considerably higher than that of the 
tundras. 

In the entire extent of Russia there are no mountains 
ranged east and west to interrupt the progress of the 
Polar winds. In winter the rivers are frozen and the 
ground covered with snow for several months. Even the 
Black Sea and Sea of Azof are frozen at times. Russia 
also fails to secure moisture from the Mediterranean 
winds because of the mountain barrier along its southern 
border. Hence the steppes of southeastern Russia are 
too dry for the growth of grains. The rivers also suf¬ 
fer from this cause, and in summer the water is often so 
low as to make navigation difficult. 

When the westerlies reach Russia they still contain 
some moisture, enough for moderate rainfall in the west, 
but there are frequent droughts in the south and east. 

Products. The Black Earth region is the great granary 
of Europe. The climate is especially suited to the growth 
of wheat. In normal times Russia produces more wheat 
than any other country except the United States. It leads 
the world in the production of hemp; flax also is grown. 
Other important crops are rye, barley, sugar beets and 
sunflowers. Russians munch sunflower seeds as we do 


RUSSIA 


129 


peanuts. Farther south, tobacco, cotton and grapes are 
raised. 

The Urals are rich in platinum, graphite, gold, iron 
and copper. More platinum is mined in Russia than 
anywhere else in the world. 



Muzhiks, or Russian peasants. 


In the Caucasus, at Baku, on the Caspian Sea, there are 
great petroleum wells. Sturgeon are caught in the Caspian 
and Black seas to obtain the roe, which, when prepared, is 
called caviar, a favorite Russian dish. 

Industries. Most of the people are engaged in farming 
and stock raising. None of the land is private property; 
it belongs to all the people in common. Lumbering and 
mining are important industries. 

Manufactures are not well developed, though cotton mills, 




130 


THE GREAT POWERS 


sugar refineries and foundries have been established. Some 
textiles are woven on hand looms in the home. The Rus¬ 
sians are skilled in tanning and dyeing. 

Commerce. Russia has no good seaport, so that its 
commerce is mostly internal. Much trade goes through the 
foreign ports of Reval and Riga. Trade is chiefly with 
Great Britain. All commerce is limited because the ex¬ 
treme cold of winter closes up nearly all the harbors, except 



Copyright , by Underwood & Underwood. 

The Winter Palace, formerly the residence of the Czar, Petrograd. 


in the far south, and makes the canals and rivers unfit for 
navigation during a considerable portion of the year. Tea 
is one of the chief imports. In normal times, Russia has 
grain, flax, petroleum, hides and furs to export, and re¬ 
quires cotton, copper, locomotives, steel rails and farm 
machinery. 

All industry is controlled by the communistic govern¬ 
ment. The harvests of the farmers are levied upon, and man¬ 
ufacturers and merchants lease their establishments from 
the government. This has resulted in greatly reduced pro¬ 
duction and has hindered trade with other countries. 

Cities. Moscow, the capital, is built on hills and has 
the appearance of an Oriental city, with its towers, great 
top-shaped domes, and pink, yellow and blue buildings. 









RUSSIA 


131 



The Kremlin, Moscow. At the extreme right is the Great Bell of Ivan. 

In the center of the city there is a citadel, called the ( 
Kremlin. Inclosed in the fortified walls are the old pal¬ 
ace of the Czars, the cathedral where Czars were crowned, 
and the tower built by Ivan the Great, Russia’s most 
tyrannical ruler. Near the tower is the Bell of Ivan, which 
once occupied a place in the top of the tower. It is the 
largest bell in the world 

The location of Moscow, in the midst of a rich agricul¬ 
tural region, and in the path of European trunk lines, 
has made it a great trade center. It has numerous factories 
for the manufacture of linen, woolen and cotton goods. 

Petrograd was formerly the capital, but communist 
control and the moving of the government to Moscow 
greatly diminished its prosperity. It is a city of wide 
streets and beautiful buildings, but these are not of the 
native Russian type of architecture, like those of Moscow 
with their swelling domes. 

As a rule, the settlement and growth of a city are due 
to some advantages which the locality offers. Down to 







132 


THE GREAT POWERS 



the time of Peter the Great, Russia was Asiatic rather 
than European. The object of the great monarch in 
founding his capital at Petrograd was to promote foreign 
commerce and bring Russia closer to the other European 
nations than it had been with its capital in the interior of 
the country. The site of Petrograd was once a swamp. 
Although icebound for several months every year, it was 


The Dneiper River at Kief. 

once the greatest seaport of Russia, and may regain its 
importance when trade with foreign countries is resumed. 

Nizhni Novgorod, on the Volga River, was formerly 
noted for its annual fair. 

Odessa is in the Ukraine, in the southwestern corner of 
Russia. It is the great grain market of the Russian plain 
and the principal port on the Black Sea. Near it are im¬ 
portant salt works. 

Kief, on the Dneiper River, is the foremost city of 
the Ukraine, which includes much of the famous fertile 
“Black Earth” region of Russia. Kief is the trading center 
for the sugar beet section, and the refining of sugar is its chief 
manufacturing industry. It is joined to Moscow by railroad. 




RUSSIA 


133 


Kharkov is an important manufacturing city and a 
great center of trade, owing to its advantageous position as 
regards railways. 


Questions 

(Turn to the map, page 7.) 

1. Why are there no important cities near the mouth 
of the Volga River? 

2. What great river flows into the Black Sea south of 
Odessa? 

3. With what countries does Odessa give Russia com¬ 
munication? 

4. What is the distance from Moscow to Petrograd? 
What is the distance from Petrograd to Odessa? 

5. What seaports has Russia on the Arctic Ocean? 

6. Name the principal cities of Russia. What are the 
leading industries of each city, or of the region in which it is 
situated? 

7. What is the prevailing climate of Russia? Why is 
Russia unprotected from Arctic winds? Account for the 
scanty rainfall in southeastern Russia. 

Government. Russia is a communistic republic; its 
official name is the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Re¬ 
public. The nation is ruled by a Congress elected by the 
working men, women, soldiers and peasants. The Congress 
elects a President and Council; each member of the Council 
has charge of some branch of the government. 

People. For many centuries Russia has been gradually 
progressing in civilization. The nearness to Asia, the vast 
extent of the country, the centuries of ignorance, the 


134 


THE GREAT POWERS 


tyranny of the semi-Oriental government under the Czars, 
the burdens of warfare, the long serfdom, the lack of wealth 
and the severe cold of the winter have tended to make the 
peasant class unenterprising and indifferent. Count Tol¬ 
stoi, a great Russian novelist, did much to elevate the ideals 
and ambitions of the common people. The former nobility 
and many persons of the middle class are well educated. 
The Russians belong to the Slavonic branch of the Cau¬ 
casian race. 

Tea, prepared in a great urn, called a samovar, is a favorite 
beverage among all classes. 

Russia is a land of many races, and the habits of the 
people vary greatly. The Cossacks of the steppes are 
intrepid horsemen. They devote themselves to rearing 
herds of horses, and the finest cavalry soldiers of the Russian 
army were recruited from among them. Many residents 
of Russia are of the Jewish race. On account of religious 
and political persecution at times, great numbers of Russian 
Jews have emigrated to the United States. 

Railroads. Russia is so large that transportation of 
products presents a difficult problem. In winter the 
canals and rivers are frozen ; in summer the rivers are 
often low. The level country has made it easy to join the 
numerous rivers by canals, and it is possible to travel from 
the Baltic to the Caspian Sea by the waterways of European 
Russia ; but such transportation, although cheap, is slow. 

These considerations have led to the development of 
railways in Russia. From Moscow as a center, railroads 
radiate to every quarter. Petrograd and Odessa are reached 
by railways, as are Sebastopol, on the Black Sea, Archangel, 
on the White Sea, and Murmansk, an ice-free port on the 
Arctic Ocean. North and south, east and west, are linked 
by the great railway system, which, however, does not stop 
with Russia’s European possessions, but extends into and 
across Asia. The Transcaspian Railway reaches to the 


RUSSIA 


135 



A samovar, or tea urn, in a tea seller’s shop, Russia. 


borders of India. The still greater Trans-Siberian Railway 
has continuous tracks from the Polish frontier to Vladivostok 
on the Pacific Ocean, a distance of five thousand miles. 


Questions 

1. In what zones is Russia? 

2. How large is the Caspian Sea? 

3. What is the great grain-producing region of Russia? 

4. In what part of Russia are platinum, gold and copper 
mined? 

5. What causes can you mention for the low condition 
of the Russian peasants? 


Exercise 

Write an account of Russia. 

Compare the government of Russia with that of Great 
Britain. With that of the United States. 




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PART III—MINOR COUNTRIES OF 
EUROPE 


CHAPTER VIII 

POLAND AND THE BALTIC REPUBLICS 

POLAND 

Poland is an ancient nation that has undergone many 
political changes. More than a centuiy ago Poland lost its 
separate national existence, when it was partitioned among 
Germany, Russia and Austria. At the end of the World 
War it was reorganized as an independent country, and it 
is now a republic. 

Location and Size. Poland lies east of Germany, between 
the Carpathian Mountains and the Baltic Sea. It is larger 
in area than the United Kingdom or Italy, although less 
populous than either of them. 

Physical Features. Most of Poland is a low rolling plain. 
The central part is a fertile farming country. In the south 
is Galicia, which extends to the crest of the Carpathian 
Mountains. In the north there are large swamps and many 
lakes. The swamp land is partly covered with forests. 

The Vistula and its tributary, the Bug River, are broad, 
shallow streams, which overflow their banks during the 
spring floods, and in summer afford transportation for flat- 
boats and rafts. The climate is genial, the winters neither 
long nor severe. Except in the south, where the highlands 
condense the remaining moisture of the westerlies, the rain¬ 
fall, although sufficient for farming, is not plentiful. 

137 



138 MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 

Products. The rich soil of the central plain produce* large 
crops of grain, sugar beets and potatoes. Much live stock 
is bred there. In the plateau section coal, iron and copper 
and rich oil fields are worked. Near Krakow on the Vistula 
are some of the richest salt mines in the world. In these 
mines, which are visited by tourists, there are spacious 
caverns ornamented by elaborate carvings in the rock salt. 

Commerce. Grain is the chief export. Most of Poland is 


Warsaw, Russian Poland. 

shut off from the sea by East Prussia, a part of Germany; 
but a narrow strip along the Vistula River gives the Poles 
access to Danzig and the Baltic Sea. The Niemen River, 
which is the outlet for the products of northeast Poland, is 
an internationalized waterway from Grodno to the Baltic 
Sea. 

Cities. Warsaw, the capital, is situated upon the Vistula 
River, and is connected by railways with Berlin, Vienna, 
Petrograd and Moscow; it is an important commercial 
and manufacturing center, about the size of Cleveland. 






POLAND AND THE BALTIC REPUBLICS 139 


The manufactures are highly varied, and include carpets, 
cotton goods and other textiles, boots, harness and other 
leather goods. There are large distilleries, breweries and 
sugar refineries. 

Lodz is a modern factory town about as large as Newark, 
New Jersey. Its industries, which include manufactures 
of cotton, iron and steel, have been largely built up by 
immigrants from Germany. 



Market place in a Polish city. Much trading is done in such markets in 
European cities. 


Krakow, in south Poland, at the head of navigation on 
the Vistula, has fine old buildings and numerous other 
relics connected with Polish history. Many Polish heroes, 
including Kosciusko, are buried there. Krakow is a rail¬ 
road and trading center. 

People. The Poles are noted for bravery and patriotism, 
but failure in the past to support their national leaders 
brought them to disaster. They are a hardy race, espe¬ 
cially talented in music. Chopin and other great com¬ 
posers were Poles. Kosciusko, a Polish nobleman, was 
one of Washington’s aids in the American Revolution. 






140 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


There are many Jews in Poland, many of whom are money 
lenders and merchants. In the days of the Russian mon¬ 
archy they were subject to much persecution, and for that 
reason great numbers have emigrated to the United States. 

DANZIG 

Danzig is a free city under the control of the League of 
Nations. It is at the mouth of the Vistula and is the sea¬ 
port of Poland, which has special rights in the city. Danzig 
is noted for its picturesque old buildings and great modern 
shipyards. The principal industry is the transshipping of 
products to and from the interior of Poland and adjacent 
parts of Germany. 

Questions 

1. What is the most important river in Poland? 

2. With what great cities is Warsaw connected by rail ? 

3. What part of Poland is the most fertile ? 

4. What part of Poland is directly east of the northern 
part of the United States ? 

THE SMALL BALTIC COUNTRIES 

Four small republics border the eastern shore of the Baltic 
Sea. These countries — Finland, Esthonia, Latvia and 
Lithuania — were formerly parts of Russia. Their location 
on the outskirts of the Empire made it easier for them to 
become independent nations. Russia thereby lost much 
coast line and several important ports. 

Finland belonged to Russia for a century before the World 
War, but has since become an independent republic. The 
country has much swamp and forest land, where reindeer, 
elk, wolves and other wild animals are found. The products 
of the forests, such as timber, pitch, tar and resin, called 
naval stores, form the chief exports. In the open country 
cattle are raised. 


POLAND AND THE BALTIC REPUBLICS 141 


The Finns are a Mongolian people, related to the Magyars 
of Hungary. They are honest, industrious and energetic. 

Helsingfors, on the Gulf of Finland, is the capital and 
chief port of Finland. It is a handsome town, with a fine 
fortified harbor, which, however, is frozen in winter. The 



The harbor of Helsingfors, Finland. 


exports are chiefly lumber and dairy products. The imports 
are wine and manufactured goods. It is the seat of a uni¬ 
versity, and has the most northern botanical garden in the 

world. 

Esthonia lies south of the Gulf of Finland. It is a flat 
country with many lakes and marshes, caused by glacial 
action. Farming is the chief industry. The summers are 
too short for wheat to ripen, but large crops of rye, barley, 
oats and potatoes are grown. There are large herds of dairy 
cattle. Extensive forests furnish paper pulp and timber, 
and there are match factories and sawmills. 

The Esthonians are of Mongolian descent, and are related 
to the Finns. Many of the large farms are owned by 
Germans and Poles who practice modern methods of agri¬ 
culture. 

Reval, the capital, is a busy port and a popular seashore 
resort. 

Latvia lies south of Esthonia. The chief feature of the 
coast is the Gulf of Riga. The Duna River is the largest 
stream. By means of canals goods are shipped to the river 







142 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


ports on the Volga and Dnieper. Farming is the chief 
occupation. Like other Baltic states, Latvia has thick 
forests and many glacial lakes. 

Riga, the capital, is as large as San Francisco. It is an 
ancient seaport with narrow, crooked streets and ware¬ 
houses that were built during the Middle Ages. Commerce 
stops when winter sets in, because then th§ waters of the 
harbor are frozen. Riga is the outlet for forest, farm and 
dairy products of the Baltic states, and for grain, flax, hemp 
and other products of Russia. In addition to its water 
routes, it has excellent railroad facilities. 

Lithuania extends from Latvia to East Prussia (part of 
Germany) and Poland. It is a forested, marshy country. 

The Lithuanians are a sturdy, blond race who are related 
to the Letts of Latvia. Most of them are farmers. 

Kovno, the capital, is located on both sides of the Niemen 
River. 


Questions 

1. What part of North America lies in the same latitude 
as Finland? 

2. What are the principal ports of the Baltic republics ? 

3. In what general direction do the rivers in the Baltic 
countries flow? 


Exercise 

Write out the chief reasons why Danzig is important to 
Poland. 


CHAPTER IX 

AUSTRIA, HUNGARY AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA 

AUSTRIA 

Austria is the most easterly of the Teutonic nations. It 
is the meeting ground of two great European races: the 
Teutons and the Slavs. Austria is a small country weakened 
by defeat in the World War, which was brought on by a 
quarrel of Austria with Serbia. 

Austria is not quite so large as Maine but has almost as 



Copyright, hy Underwood & Underwood. 

The Danube River in Austria. On the high cliffs above the village are the 
ruins of the castle where Richard the Lion-Hearted, King of England, 
was held prisoner. 


143 
















144 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


many people as all New England. It is a country of high¬ 
lands. The section of the Alps in the west is known as 
the Tyrol, and by many its scenery is deemed grander than 
that of the Swiss Alps. The Danube River crosses the 
northern section. This part of the Danube is quite as 
picturesque as the Rhine, being bordered by even higher 
cliffs. 

Industries. Agriculture is the chief occupation of Austria. 
Dairying and forestry are considerable industries, and there 
are mines of coal, salt, iron, and other metals. Manufac¬ 
tured goods are the chief exports. 

Cities. Vienna is the capital of Austria. It is on the 
Danube and is readily accessible from the neighboring 
countries. It has developed rapidly in manufacturing, and 
is the center of inland trade. It is one of the largest and 
most beautiful cities of Europe. The University of Vienna 
has ranked among the best of the famous old universities 
of Europe. 

Government. Austria is a republic. The Austrians use 
the German language. 


HUNGARY 

Size. Hungary is about as large as Indiana, but has a 
population larger than any state in the Union except New 
York or Pennsylvania. 

Physical Features. Hungary is mostly a fertile plain, with 
a small mountainous section in the north. The country 
has no seacoast. The Danube River, an internationalized 
waterway, and the Paris-Constantinople railroad, which 
parallels it, are the chief avenues of commerce. The climate 
is temperate, but with greater extremes than in the countries 
that lie nearer the ocean. Most of the moisture carried by 
the westerlies is condensed in the Alps; hence frequent 
droughts occur in eastern Hungary. Irrigation is used to 
some extent. 


AUSTRIA, HUNGARY AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA 145 

Products. Hungary is one of the world’s chief granaries. 
A variety of hard wheat is especially suited to the soil of 
Hungary and yields prolific harvests. Rye, barley, oats, 
tobacco, flax and sugar beets are grown. The vine and the 
mulberry are cultivated in southern Hungary. Hungarian 
opals are esteemed the most beautiful. 



One of the bridges across the Danube in Budapest. 


Cities. Budapest is the capital of Hungary. At one 
time Buda and Pest, located opposite each other at a narrow 
part of the Danube, were separate cities. The two have 
united, and are connected by six beautiful bridges. Milling 
is the principal industry. Situated as it is in the heart of 
the wheat region, Budapest is the Minneapolis of Europe. 

People. The people of Hungary call themselves Magyars 
(pronounced mod'yars). They are of Mongolian or Asiatic 
origin. Most of them are farmers. They are lovers of 
music and perform with special merit upon stringed in¬ 
struments. 

There were several revolutions in Hungary after the 
World War, and its government is not firmly established. 





146 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


Questions 

1. Which is larger, Austria or Hungary ? (Seepage xi.) 

2. Which has the larger population ? 

3. What countries bound Austria ? Hungary ? 

4. On what river are the capitals of both Austria and 
Hungary situated ? 


CZECHOSLOVAKIA 

Czechoslovakia is a new country which lies at the geo¬ 
graphical center of Europe. It derives its name from the 
Czechs and the Slovaks, who together constitute the bulk 
of the inhabitants. 

Shape and Size. Czechoslovakia resembles Cuba in form 
but is one fourth larger in area, and has only land boun¬ 
daries. It contains fully twice as many people as Austria. 

Surface and Climate. Czechoslovakia stretches along the 
northern edge of the main highland of Europe. The western 
third of the country comprises the plateau of Bohemia; 
the eastern or Slovak section is bounded on the north by 
the crest of the Carpathians. Between these are the re¬ 
gions known as Moravia and Austrian Silesia. Moravia 
extends south to the Danube River. The Elbe and its 
tributary, the Moldau, are the chief rivers of Bohemia. 

Czechoslovakia lies so far inland that it has a continental 
climate; it is rather high and is healthful. 

Products. A variety of agricultural pursuits flourish upon 
the fertile upland meadows. Potatoes, sugar beets, barley 
and other grains are the main crops. There are orchards of 
plums and other fruit trees. Herds of cattle and great 
flocks of geese graze on the pastures. Beekeeping is a 
profitable occupation. 

Czechoslovakia has rich mines of coal and iron and valu¬ 
able beds of pottery clay. There are a great many mineral 
springs, some of which, as those at Karlsbad and Sedlitz, 
are widely known for their medicinal qualities. 


AUSTRIA, HUNGARY AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA 147 



Old royal castle and cathedral in Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia. 

The castle is now the residence of the president of the Czechoslovak 

Republic. 

Its mineral wealth, the water power of its many mountain 
streams, and the skill of its workmen, have made the western 
part of Czechoslovakia one of the chief manufacturing 
districts of Europe. Bohemian glassware and Karlsbad 
china have a world-wide reputation. Not only Prague and 
other large cities but many small towns are busy centers 
of industry. Cloth and leather goods, beer, refined sugar, 
flour, drugs, chemicals, lead pencils, musical instruments, 
are some of the varied products for which the factories of 
Bohemia are noted. 

Commerce. Czechoslovakia has no coast line. The in¬ 
ternationalized rivers, the Danube, Elbe and Oder, provide 
waterways to the southeast and the northwest, and to the 
south it has special railroad facilities to Trieste and Fiume. 











148 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


In these ports, as in Hamburg and Stettin, Czechoslovakia 
has special rights in the harbors. Manufactured goods are 
the chief exports. 

Cities. Prague, the capital, has a site of great natural 
beauty on the Moldau River. It contains almost three 
quarters of a million inhabitants, and is a famous center 
of learning as well as of' trade. The University of Prague 
is one of the oldest in Europe. Machinery for farms and 
factories, paper, beer and refined sugar are the chief products 
made in Prague. 

Brunn, the second largest city, is a thriving industrial 
and railroad center. Weaving is the chief occupation. 

People. The Czechs and the Slovaks are closely related 
branches of the Slavic race, and are therefore related to 
the Poles and the Russians. The Czechs are the natives of 
Bohemia; they are well educated and progressive and con¬ 
stitute the ruling element of the population. The Slovaks 
are mostly peasants. Large numbers of Germans and 
Jews live in the cities. 

Czechoslovakia is a republic. 

Questions 

1. How does Czechoslovakia compare with the United 
States in latitude ? 

2. What are the chief, rivers in Czechoslovakia? 

3. About how long is Czechoslovakia east and west? 

4. What are the most important products of Czecho¬ 
slovakia ? 

5. What means of access to the sea does Czechoslovakia 
have? 

Exercise 

Compare the physical features of Austria, Czecho¬ 
slovakia and Hungary. 


CHAPTER X 

THE IBERIAN PENINSULA 

Location. The Iberian Peninsula is a table-land pro¬ 
jecting from southwestern Europe. It approaches within 
eight miles of Africa, and lies between the Mediterranean 
Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. 

Size. There is room on this peninsula for any Euro¬ 
pean country, except Russia. Texas is the only State in 
our country that has a greater area. Although nearly 
five times as large as England, the peninsula has fewer 
people. 

Form. The peninsula has a very regular outline, almost 
square in shape, and with few indentations. Seven 
eighths of the boundary of the peninsula is coast line. 
The remainder adjoins France, from which it is shut off 
by the Pyrenees. 

Surface. The Iberian Peninsula is a plateau, crossed 
from east to west by mountain ranges. In the north the 
Cantabrian Mountains extend west of the Pyrenees along 
the Bay of Biscay, and the Sierra Nevada form a barrier 
along the southern side. Between them rises a plateau 
over two thousand feet high, deeply cut between the 
ranges by rivers, whose courses are mostly west into the 
Atlantic Ocean. The Ebro in the north, from which the 
peninsula probably takes its name, is the chief exception, 
flowing into the Mediterranean Sea. On account of the 
149 


150 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 



mountainous valleys through, which they flow, the rivers 
do not serve as avenues of commerce to the interior. The 
Guadalquivir, which signifies ‘ 4 great river / 9 permits the 
passage of ships for but seventy miles from its mouth. 
A conspicuous feature of the coast is the Rock of Gibral¬ 
tar. It rises to a height of 1,400 feet above the nar¬ 
row strait of the same name. The ancient Greeks and 
Romans, who knew only the countries along the Medi¬ 
terranean, called this promontory, and the one opposite 
it on the African coast, the Pillars of Hercules. Gibral¬ 
tar is now a British possession, and a coaling station for 
the fleet of that country. It is heavily fortified, and gives 
England strategic control of the Mediterranean Sea. 

Climate. In winter the westerlies blow over the penin¬ 
sula and furnish moisture. In summer they move north¬ 
ward, and the southern part of the peninsula is in the 
horse latitudes, a belt of calms. Consequently, there are 



















THE IBERIAN PENINSULA 


151 



Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

The Rock of Gibraltar, Spain. 


alternate rainy and dry seasons. The most abundant 
rainfall is in the northwest and along the coasts, where 
mountain ranges extending east and west admit the winds 
into the western valleys and convert the moisture into 
rain before the winds reach the interior. Along the 
southern slope of the Sierra Nevada, from Gibraltar 
eastward, the winds from the southwest cause the warm¬ 
est winter climate in southern Europe. 

In the north, the Pyrenees act as a barrier against 
the winds which blow over France. The interior of the 
peninsula is dry, with great variations in temperature. 
The rivers, although not navigable, furnish water for 
irrigation. The winters are cold enough to produce ice, 
and the summers are very hot. 

Products. The mountains of the Iberian Peninsula are 
rich in minerals. Quicksilver is mined at Almaden. This 
metal, which is also called mercury, is found in few localities, 
the others of importance being Italy, Yugoslavia, and 
California. It is used in the thermometer and barom¬ 
eter, for making mirrors, and to separate gold and silver 




152 MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 

from the ore. Spain is one of the principal sources of the 
world’s supply of lead and copper. Besides these minerals, 
coal and iron abound on the pensinsula and are mined 
extensively. 

The vegetable products of the peninsula vary with the 


Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

Gathering dates, southern Spain. The man is at the top of a date 
palm;the rope slips around the tree and around his body, his feet 
being braced against the trunk of the tree. 

location. In the highlands wheat is grown, as are apples 

and other temperate fruits. In the south are grown 

tropical fruits and vegetables. The vine is extensively 

cultivated. The date palm is a valuable tree, as is also 

the cork oak. This tree is cultivated in groves for its 

bark, which is very light and elastic. The bark, which is 

one or two inches thick, is stripped off in large sections. 

In from five to ten years another layer of bark is grown. 

Much of the land is given over to pasture. In the south 

fine cattle are raised. Some are exported, principally to 




the ibeeian peninsula 


153 



Copyright , hy Underwood & Underwood. 

Cork trees. Notice where the hark has been stripped off. 


England; and others, those of Andalusia in the south, are 
bred for bull fights. In the north, where the climate is 
drier and the grass less luxuriant, sheep are raised, be¬ 
cause they can crop shorter grass than cattle. The me¬ 
rino sheep,prized for their fine wool, originally came from 
Spain. The flocks, which sometimes number over two 
thousand, graze on the mountains in summer, and in win- 




154 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 



ter descend to the valleys for food and protection from 
the weather. Herds of swine are fed on the acorns of the 
cork oak. 

Manufacturing is unimportant. Wine is made, and in 
the cities tobacco, cotton, cork and paper are manufactured. 

Countries. The territory of the Iberian Peninsula is 
unequally divided between two countries, Spain and Por¬ 
tugal, the former being more than five times as large and 
three times as populous as her smaller neighbor. The 
people of these countries speak different languages. 

Questions 

1. Which other European peninsula resembles the 
Iberian Peninsula? In what respects? 

2. In what two ways do the mountains of the Italian 
Peninsula differ from those of the Iberian Peninsula? 

3. Where are the Balearic Isles? 

4. To what country do they belong? 


The Alhambra, Granada, Spain. 






SPAIN 


155 


SPAIN 

Spain occupies all of the Iberian Peninsula except a 
narrow section bordering on the Atlantic Ocean. 

At one time Spain was the leading country in the world, 
controlling European politics and possessing broad do¬ 
mains in the New World. Columbus sailed under the 
Spanish flag, and discovered America in the same year 
that Granada was captured from the Moors. The Moors 
were Mohammedans, who invaded Spain from Africa, 
and for centuries disputed the possession of the country 
with the Christian Spaniards. In the sixteenth century, 
after the expulsion of the Moors had restored Spanish 
supremacy at home, and the discoveries, explorations and 
conquests of Columbus, Magellan, Cortez, Pizarro and 
others had given Spain colonial possessions in both 
hemispheres, Spain reached her greatest power. 

The new possessions attracted the strongest and most 
adventurous men away from Spain, and the great treas¬ 
ure that poured into the country from the colonies cor¬ 
rupted those who remained. Other causes contributed to 
weaken Spain, and her power has gradually declined, un¬ 
til to-day she is no longer one of the great powers of 
Europe. In the Spanish-American war, Cuba secured 
her independence, and the Philippines and Porto Eico 
came into the possession of the United States. 

Questions 

1. Which European countries are wholly in the same 
latitude as Spain! 

2. What countries border on Spain! 

3. In what direction is each from Spain! 

4. Compare the Ebro with the Po as to direction and 

character of the land drained. # 

5. Is Spain chiefly in east or m west longitude! 


156 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 



People. The wealthy and educated people of Spain are 
high-spirited, intelligent, and strive to make Spain again 
a progressive nation, but the greater number of the 
people are ignorant and very poor. Two thirds of them 
can neither read nor write. Their methods of farming 


A bull fight, Seville, Spain. 

are antiquated, and their love of amusement, especially of 
the brutalizing bull tight, interferes with their progress. 
Spain, however, is increasing in wealth since being re¬ 
lieved of the expense of governing rebellious colonies. 

Government. Spain is a limited monarchy. King Al¬ 
fonso is the ruler. 

Commerce. Although surrounded by water and situated 
at the junction of the Mediterranean and Atlantic, Spain 
has little commerce, because of the low economic condi¬ 
tion of her people. The commerce of Spain is chiefly 
with Great Britain and France. The imports are largely 
cotton and other textiles, machinery, and food, such as 
wheat and fish. The roads are poor, and communication 
with France is hampered by the fact that there are few 








SPAIN 


157 


passes across tlie Pyrenees, and those are high. The 
larger cities of the interior and coast are joined by rail¬ 
ways which connect with those of France by routes 
around both the eastern and the western end of the Pyre¬ 
nees. It is, however, impossible for trains to pass from 
one country to another because the railroads are of dif¬ 
ferent gauge, as a precaution against invasion from 
either side of the Pyrenees. Several new routes across 
the mountains are in process of construction. As the 
rivers flow through deep valleys in the plateaus, it is im¬ 
possible to connect them readily by canals, as is done in 
France and Germany. 

Cities. Madrid is the capital. It is situated upon a 
plateau, in the very center of Spain, and derives its im- 



Madrid, Spain. 


portance from the fact that it is a railway center and the 
seat of government. The presence of the court brings 
the wealthy and cultivated Spaniards to Madrid, which 
resembles in a measure the other European capitals, hav¬ 
ing a magnificent palace, a great art gallery, and impor¬ 
tant educational institutions. Near Madrid is the Esco- 
rial, a celebrated building, which contains a palace, mon¬ 
astery, church, and is the burial place of many Spanish 
sovereigns. 

Barcelona is the chief seaport and, next to Madrid, 
the largest city in Spain. It is situated on the Medi- 











158 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


terranean, near the valley of the Ebro, which gives it 
access to the most enterprising section of the interior. 
It is the most important manufacturing city in Spain, 
making textiles of silk, wool and cotton, as well as shoes 
and other leather goods. These wares, together with 
copper and wines, form the chief exports. 

Malaga ranks next to Barcelona as a seaport, and ex¬ 
ports grapes, wine, raisins, and such tropical fruits as 
olives, lemons, oranges and dates. 

Valencia, on the Mediterranean Sea, is a large sea¬ 
port with many ancient Moorish buildings. The manu¬ 
factures include silk and other fabrics. It is noted for its 
oranges. 

Seville is at the head of navigation on the Guadal¬ 
quivir River. It is an important port, and manufactures 
tobacco in large quantities. The cathedral is one of the 
largest churches in the world. The Alcazar, a Moorish 
palace, is a beautiful building. 


f 



The Cathedral, Seville, Spain 






SPAIN 


159 



Ocean steamers on the Guadalquivir River at Seville, Spain. 


Bilbao, located on the Bay of Biscay, near the iron 
mines, exports more iron ore than any other port on the 
mainland of Europe. 

Granada was the last city held by the Moors. It is 
located upon the northern slope of the Sierra Nevada, 
and was strongly fortified. The chief feature of interest 



Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

Loading iron ore at Bilbao. 









1G0 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


is the Alhambra, which was the citadel and palace of 
the Moorish kings. Its thick walls, surmounted and 
strengthened by great square towers, inclose a large num¬ 
ber of rooms and galleries around pleasant courts, which 
are adorned with columns, arches and fountains, and con¬ 
tain a profusion of palms and flowers. 

Questions 

1. Which is farther south, Madrid or Rome? 

2. How is the location of Madrid like that of Vienna? 

3. What differences are there in these locations? 

4. Which has the more advantageous location? Why? 

5. Trace a voyage from Bilbao to Barcelona. Through 
what waters would you pass? 

6. What islands belonging to Spain would you pass? 

7. What distance is saved in going by rail ? 

8. What is the principal export of Bilbao? 

Exercise 

Write an account of Spain. 


PORTUGAL 


Location, Size, Surface, Climate. Portugal lies along the 
Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula. It is in about 
the same latitude as the region from northern Pennsyl- 



Da Gama was a celebrated 
Portuguese navigator. In 1497 
he made the first voyage from 
Europe to India, sailing around 
the Cape of Good Hope. His 
tomb is in a public building near 
Lisbon. 


Clovyright, by TJnderwood & Underwood. 

The tomb of Vasco da Gama. 



PORTUGAL 


161 


vania to southern Virginia. It is about as large as Maine. 
On account of the mountains in the north, which con¬ 
dense the moisture of the westerly winds, that region 
has a very heavy rainfall. The southern part of the coun¬ 
try receives the hot African winds and has a drier, sub¬ 
tropical climate. 

Commerce. The trade of Portugal is largely controlled 
by Great Britain. Much of it is with Brazil, which at 
one time belonged to Portugal, and in which the Portu- 



Copyriglit, by Underwood d Underwood. 

Lisbon, Portugal, and the Tagus River. 


guese language is spoken by more people than live in 
Portugal. 

Wine and cork are the chief exports. Foodstuffs, cot¬ 
ton, wool, and manufactures of iron and steel are im¬ 
ported. 

Cities. Lisbon is the capital and largest city. It is on 
the Tagus River at its mouth, which affords a splendid 
harbor. It is about 400 miles by rail from Madrid, and 
much freight marked for the capital of Spain is landed 
at Lisbon. 

Lisbon manufactures cotton and woolen goods, which 







162 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 



The fish market, Lisbon, Portugal. 


are exported to the Portuguese possessions in East and 
West Africa, and Asia. 

Oporto is the chief place of export for port wine, 
which takes its name from the city. 

Government. Portugal is a republic. 

Questions 

1. How far is Oporto from Lisbon 1 

2. What advantages have the ports of Portugal over 
those of Spain? 

3. Why is the railway route from Lisbon to Madrid 
more direct than that from Seville to Madrid? 

4. Is Portugal in east or west longitude? 

Exercise 

Write a description of Portugal. 










CHAPTER XI 


ROUMANIA AND THE BALKAN PENINSULA 

ROUMANIA 

Location. Roumania extends from the Black Sea to the 
Hungarian plain and the Carpathian Mountains, and 
most of the country lies between the Danube and Dniester 
rivers. — 

Size, Surface, Drainage. Roumania is about as large as 
Illinois and Iowa, but with twice their population. Nearly 
half of Roumania is plain and steppe, the larger part of 
which is drained by the Danube and its tributaries. The 
Transylvanian Alps lie within Roumania, and the country 
includes part of the Carpathian range. A small strip of the 
Hungarian plain west of the mountains belongs to Rou¬ 
mania. The Danube forms a highway from its delta on the 
Black Sea to central Europe. The rapids on the Danube 
at the Iron Gate, where the river passes through the gorge 
in the mountains, lie on the boundary between Roumania 
and Yugoslavia. The delta is swampy, and it is also marshy 
where the Danube flows northward. The plain is very 
fertile and well adapted to agriculture. 

Climate. The eastern part of Roumania has a climate 
like the great plain of the Ukraine, which lies on the opposite 
bank of the Dniester River, and is hot in summer and cold 
in winter. The climate is very variable in the mountains. 
The rainfall is not heavy anywhere in this region al¬ 
though it is about twenty inches per year in the great 
plain. 


163 



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SCALE OF MILES 


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Longitude 


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from 


Greenwich 


164 













































ROUMANIA 


165 


Products. The plains produce great crops of grain, the 
mountains are covered with large forests, and petroleum, 
salt and lignite are taken from below the surface. Glass 
making is an important industry. 


. 



Copyright , by Underwood & Underwood. 


Bucharest, Roumania. 

People. The people are partly Slav but also claim 
descent from the ancient Romans, from whom the name of 
their country is taken. The language spoken is somewhat 
like Italian. The population is not all Roumanian. There 
are a considerable number of Turks in the southeast, 
Magyars in the north and west, and smaller numbers of 
Bulgarians, Russians and Germans in various parts of the 
country. 

Roumania is a constitutional monarchy. 

Cities. Bucharest is the capital and chief city. It has 
many fine buildings. 

Galatz, on the Danube, near its delta, exports grain. 

Questions 

1. On what sea does Roumania have a coast? 

2. In what direction is most of Roumania from the 
Danube River? Is it oil the right or left bank? 





166 MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 



A festival in Roumania. 


3. Where are the Transylvanian Alps? Where are the 
Carpathians? In what direction is Roumania from the 
Balkan Mountains? 

4. To what peoples are the Roumanian people related? 

5.. What parts of Roumania are drained by the Danube 

and its tributaries? 


THE BALKAN PENINSULA 

Location. The Balkan Peninsula extends southward 
from the Danube and Save rivers between the Black and 
the iEgean seas on the east, and the Adriatic and the 
Ionian seas on the west. 

This peninsula is very broad in the north. From the 
southern extremity the irregular Grecian Peninsula ex¬ 
tends as a secondary smaller peninsula. Between the 
Balkan Peninsula and the peninsula of Asia Minor lie 
the straits of Bosporus and Dardanelles and the narrow 
Sea of Marmora. 




THE BALKAN PENINSULA 


167 


The Dardanelles is the ancient Hellespont. According 
to a Grecian fable, the yonth Leander swam across the 
strait to meet the maiden named Hero. Lord Byron, 
the English poet, performed the same feat. As the Dar¬ 
danelles at the point where he swam is but one and a 
quarter miles wide, the danger is less from distance than 
from the swift and eddying current. Near this point 
the Persian king, Xerxes, bridged the strait with boats 
in an attempt to invade Greece. 

Surface. The peninsula is mountainous. The Dinaric 
Alps, extending from north to south, and the Balkan 
Mountains, from which the peninsula takes its name, ex¬ 
tending east and west, are the chief ranges. The Gre¬ 
cian Peninsula is covered with intersecting mountain 
ranges. 

Climate. The climate of the southern part is moder¬ 
ated by the bordering seas. Along the Adriatic the rain¬ 
fall is abundant, but it is less in the interior and slight 
in the eastern part. 

Upon the plateaus in the broad northern expanse of 
the peninsula, the climate is continental—rigorous in 
winter and warm as that of Italy in summer. 

Countries. Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece and 
Turkey in Europe occupy the Balkan Peninsula, in whole or 
in part. The two latter countries are republics. 

Questions 

1. Which extends farther north, the Balkan Peninsula 
or the Iberian Peninsula? What is the southern latitude 
of each ? 

2. In what respect are the climates of these penin¬ 
sulas alike? Why? 

3. Which peninsula has the longer land boundary? 

4. How many countries are there on each of these 
peninsulas? 

5. Where is Mt. Olympus? 


168 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


YUGOSLAVIA 

Yugoslavia extends beyond the Balkan Peninsula into 
continental Europe. It is about as large as the state of 
Oregon, and its population is a little more than that of 
New York State. It includes the former countries of 
Serbia and Montenegro, together with large parts of the 
former Austria-Hungary. 



A village of Yugoslavia on the Danube. 


Physical Features. Yugoslavia is a mountainous country. 
The Dinaric Alps rise abruptly from the shore of the Adriatic, 
and the coast line itself is irregular and bordered b}^ rocky 
islands. The climate is extreme; the summers are hot, 
and the winters are very severe. Earthquakes are not 
uncommon. 

Products. Copper, coal and iron are found, but the 
mines are as yet undeveloped. Along the Danube are 






YUGOSLAVIA 


169 


vineyards and orchards. Plum trees are grown, and the 
dried fruit, prunes, is exported. Indian corn, or maize, is 
the principal crop. The eastern mountains are covered 
with forests, in which oak, beech and walnut trees abound. 
Here live stock, especially hogs, are herded, feeding upon 
acorns and beechnuts. Farther inland, where it is drier, 
there are Alpine pastures in which sheep and cattle may 
graze. 

Carpet weaving is a very important industry, the recipes 
for the colors used being handed down from one generation 
of weavers to another. 



Copyright, hy Underwood & Underwood. 

Belgrade, Yugoslavia. 


Commercial Facilities. The natural harbors of Yugo¬ 
slavia on the Adriatic are of little value, as they are cut off 
from the interior by the mountains. Fiume, the natural 
port for Yugoslavia, has been made a free city, in which 
Yugoslavia has certain rights to the harbor. There is 
commerce on the Danube and Save rivers. There are rail¬ 
roads to Fiume, and to Salonica in Greece, on the iFgean. 
A railroad of less importance runs to Ragusa on the Adriatic. 
In many districts great carts drawn by oxen or buffaloes 
are the only means of transport. 




170 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


People. The official name of the country which we call 
Yugoslavia is the “ Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and 
Slovenes.” These people, who are southern Slavs (Yugo 
means south), are all closely related in language, customs 
and national interests. The greater part of the population 
is of the peasant class. The Yugoslavs are fond of comfort 
and amusement, and the national costume of scarlet and 
white is very striking. Many of the people emigrate. 

Cities. Belgrade, the capital and chief city, is situated 
on the Danube River, and is connected by rail with Con¬ 
stantinople and Budapest. It manufactures carpets, arms, 
saddles and harness, and is an important center for the 
commerce of the valley of the Danube. There are no very 
large cities in Yugoslavia. 

Questions 

1. What important river flows through Yugoslavia? 

2. Why is Belgrade advantageously located for trade? 

3. What country lies across the Adriatic from Yugoslavia? 

4. Why are rights to the harbor of Fiume important to 
Yugoslavia? 


ALBANIA 

Albania borders the Adriatic Sea between Yugoslavia 
and Greece. The country is very mountainous. 

The people are not only sturdy and independent high¬ 
landers, but many of them are inclined to lawlessness. 
Deadly feuds prevail between rival families, and bands of 
brigands sometimes carry off wealthy travelers and hold 
them for ransom. Hence the rich mines and forests remain 
undeveloped. There are no railroads, and education makes 
but little headway. Most of the Albanians are Moham¬ 
medans. 

The chief exports are hides, wool, olive oil, grain, and 


ALBANIA 


171 



Carting melons to market in Albania. 


such forest products as charcoal and sumac leaves. The 
latter are used for tanning leather and making dyes. 

Tirana is the capital. Durazzo is the chief seaport. In 
ancient times it was a prosperous seaport, but the harbor 
has become obstructed by mud, the palaces have fallen 
into ruins, and there is little to remind the visitor of its 
former greatness. 


Questions 

1. What lake lies between Yugoslavia and Albania? 

2. Opposite what part of Italy does Albania lie? 

3. What sort of people are the Albanians? 














172 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


BULGARIA 

Location. Bulgaria extends from the southern bank of 
the Danube almost to the iEgean Sea, and from the Black 
Sea more than halfway across the Balkan Peninsula. 

Size, Surface. It is about three fourths as large as New 
York, but has less than half as many inhabitants. The 
northern and southern slopes of the Balkans occupy the 
central part of the country, and the northern part con- 



Copyright, by Underwood & Undencood. 

Laundering clothes, Sofia, Bulgaria. The stream is a tributary of the 
Danube. 


sists of a plateau extending northward from the moun¬ 
tains to the Danube, where it terminates in steep banks, 
contrasting with the plains of Roumania on the other side 
of the river. 

Products and Pursuits. The plateau region is devoted to 
the growth of grain. In the mountains sheep and goats 
are raised. The warm southern slope produces cotton 
and fruits. Wine is made and silkworms are raised. 
Large fields of roses are cultivated and the oil, or attar, 
is extracted. It is used as a perfume, and is highly prized 
in Oriental countries. 




BULGARIA 


173 



Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

Making attar of roses, Bulgaria. 


Sofia is the capital. It is south of the Balkans, and 
is connected with Belgrade and Constantinople by rail. 
It has the largest theater in southeastern Europe. 

People. Most of the Bulgars are farmers. They are 
patriotic and strive to be free of all interference by the 
Great Powers in Balkan affairs. 

Questions 

1. Which European countries are in the same latitude 
as Bulgaria? 

2. Which is greater, the distance from 40° N. to the 
southern boundary of Bulgaria, or to the northern 
boundary of Portugal? What does this show as to the 
latitude of the two countries? 

3. In which direction does the greater extent of 
Bulgaria lie? 

4. Is Bulgaria on the right or left bank of the 
Danube ? 

5. How do the coast lines of Bulgaria and Roumania 
compare in length ? 





174 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


TURKEY 

Turkey has lost the greater part of its European posses¬ 
sions within the past centuiy ; a hundred years ago its 
sway extended over Roumania and the whole Balkan 
Peninsula. Turkey in Europe is now confined to the city 
of Constantinople and a few thousand square miles to the 
west. The rest of the territory which belongs to Turkey 
is in Asia Minor. 



Mosque of Sultan Ahmed, Constantinople, Turkey. 

The Turks claim control of the waterway which con¬ 
sists of the Sea of Marmora, the Bosporus and the Darda¬ 
nelles. This waterway gives access to the Black Sea and 
the ports of southern Russia. The Great Powers desire 
to have these waters kept open to the commerce of all 
nations. 

The Turks are an Oriental people, who profess the Mo¬ 
hammedan religion and follow the customs of Asia, rather 
than those of Europe. 











TURKEY 


175 


Cities. Constantinople is one of the large and im¬ 
portant cities of the world. It is situated on the hills which 
overlook the Bosporus and the Golden Horn, the most 
beautiful harbor in Europe, where ships of all nations may 
be seen at the moorings. It is connected with Paris by rail. 
The capital of Turkey is Angora, which is situated in 
Turkey in Asia. 

Constantinople derives its importance from the fact that 



The harbor of Constantinople, Turkey. 


its harbor and the waters leading to it are deep enough to 
admit the largest vessels, and from its location at the cross¬ 
ing of land and water routes which have been traversed 
from the earliest times between Europe and Asia. The 
name means City of Constantine. 

The finest building is the mosque, originally a Byzantine 
church, of St. Sophia. The quarters where Europeans live 
have the appearance of a modern city; in other parts the 
squalid quarters of the poor adjoin the palaces of the 
wealthy. 

Questions 

1. How large is Turkey in Europe? 

2. Why is Constantinople important? 

3. To what four countries is commerce through the 
Bosporus and Dardanelles especially important, and why? 




176 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 



GREECE 

Greece is the oldest nation of Europe, the birthplace 
of our civilization. While the rest of Europe was still 
inhabited by barbarous tribes, the Greeks had cities, 


Copyright, 6 y Underwood & Underwood. 

The Stadium at Athens, Greece. In this great modern arena athletes 
of all nations compete for physical supremacy. 

towns, well-tilled farms and a great commerce. They 
were a learned people, and many of them were great ora¬ 
tors, poets and scholars. The ruined temples and statues 
of ancient Greece show that they were great artists. 
They recognized the value of physical strength and 
beauty, and developed them by foot races and other exer¬ 
cises in the open air. 

The Greeks were conquered by the Romans, and long 
afterward by the Turks. Under Turkish dominion 
Greece was reduced to abject servitude and political 






GREECE 


177 


ruin. In 1830, with the help of the greater European 
powers, it won its independence from Turkey and formed 
a constitutional monarchy; in 1922 it became a republic 
and is once more progressing rapidly. 

Surface and Coast. Greece is a secondary peninsula of 
the Balkan Peninsula. It extends southward between 
the Ionian and iEgean seas, and includes many moun¬ 
tainous islands in those seas. Greece is so rugged that 
the land cannot be easily cultivated. The mountains ex¬ 
tend in various directions, so that, with the sinking of the 
land, the coast became very irregular. It has more coast 
in proportion to its area than any other country in the 
world. A ship canal built through the Isthmus of Cor- 



Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

The Corinthian Ship Canal. 

inth cuts Greece in two. Every part of Greece is so 
near the sea that the Greeks are a nation of sailors. 
Greek mariners carry on a large part of the commerce 
of the Mediterranean countries east of Italy. That 
region is known as the Levant. 



178 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


Crete is the third largest island in the Mediterranean 
Sea. It was the home of a very ancient civilized people, 
but was taken by the Greeks about three thousand years 
ago. It has many ancient ruins, among them the Laby¬ 
rinth. In this maze, according to an old Grecian fable, a 
monster called the Minotaur, half man and half bull, made 
his abode. Crete was freed from Turkey and in 1912 it 
was annexed to Greece. 

Greece includes nearly all the islands in and about 
the iEgean Sea, with the exception of Rhodes. Besides 
the peninsular part of Greece, the country extends east¬ 
ward along the northern coast of the JEgean Sea, to the 
Maritaza River. 

Climate and Products, The climate of Greece is warm, 
and in winter there is a moderate rainfall. In summer, 
however, there are long rainless periods when the farmer 
is obliged to resort to irrigation in order to carry on his 
farming. 

Grains, tobacco and fruits are raised. Olives and a 
small seedless grape are the chief products. Oil is pressed 
from ripe olives, and some of it is used in making soap. 
The grapes are cured and dried and are then called currants, 
the name being derived from Corinth. Many sheep are 
raised on the uncultivated, rugged highlands. There are 
important mines of iron and other ores. 

The United States exports cotton, petroleum and ma¬ 
chinery to Greece, and Greece exports currants and olive 
oil to the United States. 

Cities. Athens, the capital, is noted for its remarkable 
ruins. On the Acropolis, a gigantic flat-topped, steep¬ 
sided rock, stand the ruins of the Parthenon, a temple 
dedicated to Athena, the goddess of war and wisdom, and 
the protecting deity of the ancient city. It contains stat¬ 
ues and columns remarkable for their beauty, and was 
itself the triumph of Greek architecture. The Elgin 




GREECE 


179 


marbles, now in the British Museum, include the beauti¬ 
ful bas-reliefs taken by Lord Elgin from the frieze of the 
Parthenon. 

Salonica, the second city of Greece, is an important 
seaport. It manufactures textiles and leather. Kane a is 
the chief city of Crete. 



Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 


The Acropolis, Athens, Greece. 


People. The Greeks of to-day are well educated. 
Shrewdness is their chief characteristic, and contributes 
to their success as business men. Many Greeks have emi¬ 
grated to America, where they have settled in the cities 
as merchants and as venders of fruit. 


Questions 


1. What countries border on Greece? 

2. In what direction are they from Greece ? 

3. What part of Spain is directly west of the southern 
extremity of Greece ? 

4. What sea is west of Greece ? 

5. What sea is east of Greece ? 




Exercise 

Write a description of Greece. 







Blowing an Alpine horn, Switzerland. 


CHAPTER XII 
SWITZERLAND 

Switzerland is the favorite summer resort of Europe. 
The beauty of the mountains and lakes, the quiet and 
freshness of the valleys, and the grandeur of the rugged, 
snow-capped mountain peaks, together with the delight¬ 
ful climate, lure thousands of tourists yearly from all 
parts of Europe and America. 

This very important country has only one third the 
size and population of New York State. 

Surface. Switzerland is the most mountainous country 
of Europe. It is traversed and bordered by the Alps. 
The Jura Mountains form the western boundary (p. 130). 
Between the Alps and the Juras is the plateau region of 
Switzerland, which comprises about one third of the 
surface. In the high valleys of the Alps, snow, accumu¬ 
lating from year to year, has formed glaciers. They 
move at the rate of a few inches a day. 

180 







SWITZERLAND 


181 



Lake Geneva, Lake Constance and Lake Lucerne are 
unsurpassed for beauty. Lake Lucerne is surrounded 
by lofty mountains. A fine road around it has been cut 
in the rocks. Near this lake is the world-renowned Rigi, 
from whose heights the villages below look like toy vil¬ 
lages. In climbing the Rigi the tourist’s ear is greeted 
with an orchestra of bells, which hang from the necks of 


Lake Lucerne and Mt. Pilatus. 

thousands of cattle feeding on the slopes. In Lucerne 
small silver bells, modeled after cowbells, are sold in 
the shops. 

The Matterhorn, in southern Switzerland, has such a 
sharp, steep-sided peak that, despite its altitude, it is 
not capped with snow. 

Between Mt. Blanc, the highest of the Alpine peaks, 
and the Matterhorn, is the Great St. Bernard pass. At 
the top of this pass the Hospice of St. Bernard is situ¬ 
ated. The monks who manage this institution equip their 
dogs with blankets, brandy and food so that in case they 






182 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


meet some exhausted traveler who has lost his way, he 
may be enabled with the help of the dogs to find his way 
to the Hospice. Many travelers have been saved by these 
intelligent dogs and their noble masters. 

Questions 

(Turn to the maps, pages 6 and 130.) 

1. What countries border on Switzerland? 

2. In what direction is Switzerland from each? 

3. Which of the Great Powers do not touch Switzer¬ 
land? In what direction is each from Switzerland? 

4. How far is it from Switzerland to the nearest sea 
coast? 

5. What obstacles lie between ? 

Exercises 

Trace four natural water routes from Switzerland to 
the sea. State the direction of each course, the country 
or countries through which it passes, and the sea into 
which it leads. Mark these routes on a sketch-map. 

Climate. In Switzerland there are six belts of climate, 
varying in temperature with the altitude, from almost sub¬ 
tropical to frigid. The lofty Alps are directly in the path 
of the westerlies; hence Switzerland is well watered. 
Rainfall in the form of snow is greater here than any¬ 
where else in Europe. Huge masses of snow sometimes 
slide down the mountains, burying villages and people. 
These snowslides are known as avalanches. 

Products and Pursuits. Although Switzerland is very 
rugged, agriculture and dairy farming are the principal 
industries. In the warm valleys near Lake Geneva 
grapevines and mulberry trees are cultivated. Grain is 
raised on the central plateau. 

In the uplands great herds of cattle are reared. 
With the approach of spring the cattle are turned out, 


SWITZERLAND 


183 



The Jungfrau, a famous peak of south central Switzerland. 

and as the season advances and the snow-line recedes, 
they keep traveling upward in search of the sweet herb¬ 
age which gives Swiss milk and cheese their delicious 
flavor. The herdsmen have picturesque cottages on the 
mountain sides. They are built of rough logs and cov¬ 
ered with a low overhanging roof, weighted with large 
stones to prevent its blowing away. The mountaineers 
practice a peculiar song with many falsetto notes called 
a “yodel .’ 9 The Alpine horn is used to call the flocks 
and herds. 

Switzerland is poor in minerals and lacks coal and 
iron, yet manufacturing is well developed. Water power, 
by means of which electricity is generated, has taken the 
place of coal. Switzerland manufactures textiles, em¬ 
broideries, jewelry, clocks and watches and musical in¬ 
struments. 

There are numerous hotels, which receive millions of 
dollars every year for entertaining travelers. A great 
number of Swiss lads are engaged as guides by the tour- 



184 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


ists. The edelweiss, a white, felt-like, star-shaped flower, 
which grows in the snow at a very high altitude, is gathered 
and kept for sale in the market places. 

Commerce. Switzerland is centrally located for com¬ 
merce, but the mountains are natural barriers. Switzer¬ 
land is artificially connected with the adjoining countries 
by improved roads through the mountain passes and by 
well-constructed tunnels. A tunnel through St. Gotthard 
connects Switzerland with Italy. The Simplon tunnel, 
connecting the same countries, and twelve miles in length, 
is the longest tunnel in the world. Much of the commerce 
is through Switzerland rather than with it. 

Swiss trade is mainly with Germany, France, Italy 
and Great Britain. Her chief imports are grain and raw 
material for manufacturing. To the United States are 
exported cheese, condensed milk, clocks and watches and 
embroideries. In return we send Switzerland raw cot¬ 
ton, iron and steel goods. 

Cities. Geneva is located on the Rhone River where 
the river flows out of Lake Geneva. It has excellent water 
power, and has become a great manufacturing center. Its 
factories turn out music boxes, clocks, scientific instru¬ 
ments and jewelry. Geneva is a great educational center 
and the headquarters of the League of Nations. 

Zurich, the largest town, is especially fortunate in its 
location on Lake Zurich. It is within easy access of Europe’s 
most important countries, and is noted for silk and cotton 
manufacturing, and for its university. Pestalozzi, a great 
Swiss teacher, was born there. 

Bern, the capital, is a quaint city, headquarters of the 
International Postal Union. To the tourist the bear-pit is 
interesting. Bern means bear, so bears are always kept in 
the city, and small bears, carved out of wood, are sold in 
the shops. 

Lucerne is a railway center, frequented by tourists. 


SWITZERLAND 


185 



Government. Switzerland is the oldest republic in Eu¬ 
rope. The twenty-two cantons or States are represented 
in the National Congress. This body makes laws and 
elects the president. 

Switzerland has been declared neutral territory by the 
Great Powers. There is no standing army, but every 
man has to serve in the militia, and is given military 
training and practice with arms. The frontiers are 
always guarded by militia. In former centuries Swiss 
soldiers, noted for bravery, were often hired by foreign 
princes. To commemorate the valiant defense of the 
French monarch, Louis XVI, by a Swiss guard of eight 


The Lion of Lucerne. The fleur-de-lis of France is upon one shield; the 
Swiss cross upon the other. 

hundred in Paris, an immense lion was carved by the 
Danish sculptor, Thorvaldsen, in the rocky walls of cliff- 
bound Lucerne. 

People. There is no distinct race of Swiss people. 
Some are German, some are Italian and some are 
French. 





186 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


The spirit of liberty has always been strong among the 
Swiss in their mountain fastnesses. A stirring legend is 
told of William Tell. Because he would not submit to 
the rule of Gessler, the Austrian governor, Tell was 
ordered to shoot at an apple placed upon his son’s head. 
He afterward shot Gessler in revenge for this and other 
wrongs. 

Switzerland has fewer vagabonds and poor people 
than the other countries of Europe. Through thrift, 
education and diligence the Swiss have become the most 
generally prosperous middle-class people of Europe. 

Questions 

1. In what part of Switzerland is Geneva? 

2. How near is it to the French border? 

3. What river flows through Lake Geneva? (Page 93.) 

4. In which direction is Lake Lucerne from Bern? 
From Zurich? 


Exercises 

Write an account of an imaginary ascent of a moun¬ 
tain in Switzerland. 

Give an account of Switzerland. 


CHAPTER XIII 


BELGIUM 

Belgium is the home of an intelligent, industrious and 
prosperous people who, by the variety of their manufac¬ 
tures, have won for their country the name of “The 
Workshop of Europe.” Belgium is on the North Sea, 
opposite the south of England. It lies north of France. 
(Map, page 70.) 

Size. Belgium is less than one fourth the size of the 
State of New York, hut more than seven million people 
inhabit it. It is the most densely populated country of 
the world. The Belgian Kongo, in Africa, is a colony of 
Belgium. 

Surface. Western Belgium dips below the level of the 
sea, where large sand dunes on the coastal plain help to 
keep back the water. Because of the low coast the 
mouths of the streams are diked, and some land has been 
reclaimed from the sea. From the coast the surface rises 
gently in low rolling plains toward the southeast, where 
the surface is hilly, rocky and even mountainous. 

Climate. The westerlies bring moisture and a mild cli¬ 
mate to Belgium. On account of its altitude, eastern 
Belgium has more rainfall than the coast. 

Products and Pursuits. Farming and manufacturing are 
of equal importance. On the coastal plain sheep, cattle 
and horses are raised. Flemish horses, famed for their 
strength, are exported to many other countries. 

The farms are small, comprising only a few acres each, 
but they are models of close cultivation. Every farmer 

187 



188 MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

A milkwoman in her dog cart, Brussels, Belgium. 

confines himself to the cultivation of a few things, and 
in this way becomes acquainted with the best method of 
raising them. Grain, beets, potatoes, and the best flax 
in the world are the chief products. 

The worn-down mountain regions are rich in forests 
and minerals. Coal and iron, being found close together, 
have helped to make Belgium a great manufacturing 
country. Cotton, wool and linen textiles, iron, steel and 
glass articles are manufactured. The making of lace is 
an important occupation. 

Fishing is an important industry. 

Commerce. The location of Belgium, on the western 
coast of Europe, where the commerce of the world is cen¬ 
tered, is favorable to the development of its trade, The 
facilities for domestic commerce are equally good. The 





BELGIUM 


189 


railways of Belgium are connected with the great conti¬ 
nental lines of Europe,, affording direct communication 
with all the important capitals. There are numerous 
canals. The Scheldt is the principal river. Its upper 
course is regulated by locks, and its mouth is in the Neth¬ 
erlands. Most of Belgium’s trade is with England, Ger¬ 
many and France, to which rubber goods, ivory, glass¬ 
ware and linen are sent. Coal is sent to the manufac¬ 
turing cities of France. 

The United States supplies Belgium with cotton and 
petroleum. Laces, carpets and horses are shipped to the 
United States from Belgium. 



Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

The Palace of Justice, Brussels, Belgium. 


Cities. Brussels, the capital and metropolis, is com¬ 
parable with Paris in beauty, though only about a fourth 
as large. It has fine art galleries, museums and schools, 
and great factories where carpets and lace are made. 
Not far from Brussels is the famous battlefield of Water¬ 
loo, where, in 1815, Napoleon met at the hands of the 
English and their allies a defeat all the more terrible 
because unexpected. 






190 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


Antwekp, located about sixty miles inland on the deep 
estuary of the Scheldt, is the greatest commercial city of 
Belgium. It maintains lines of steamships to West 
Africa, the West Indies and the East Indies. As Ham¬ 
burg transports goods for Austria, so does Antwerp for 
part of Germany. Laces are made there. Distilling, 
sugar refining and shipbuilding are occupations of impor¬ 
tance. Antwerp is the, greatest ivory market of the 
world. Ivory and rubber are brought from the Belgian 
Kongo in Africa. 



Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

Antwerp, Belgium. 

Antwerp is an old city and contains many interesting 
buildings, paintings and museums. 

Ostend is the second seaport of Belgium. It is in di¬ 
rect communication with Dover, England, and with Ger¬ 
many and Switzerland. Situated on the shelving, sandy 
shore, which permits sea bathing, it is the chief among 





BELGIUM 


191 



Copyright, by Undencood & Underwood. 

Ostend, Belgium, a fashionable seaside resort. 


many seaside resorts. It is visited by many fashionable 
Europeans. 

Liege is in the coal region, and is engaged in the manu¬ 
facture of firearms. 

Ghent is in the center of the flax-producing section. 
It manufactures this product, as well as imported cotton, 
into cloth and laces. 

Government and People. Belgium is a limited monarchy. 
It is wedged in between Germany and France; England 
lies across the narrow Strait of Dover. On account of its 
small size and small army Belgium could not alone resist 
any one of these huge neighbors. But because it is a 
buffer between them, each of the rival nations has sought 
to protect Belgium from the others. The independence 







192 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


of Belgium is especially important to England because the 
permanent possession of Belgium by Germany would 
threaten the British control of the Strait of Dover. 

Instead of supporting a large army the Belgians have 
devoted their revenues and energies to the development 
of industry, and are among the most cultured people 
in Europe. As in Switzerland, different languages are 
spoken. In the north of Belgium most of the people 
speak Flemish, a language which resembles Dutch; in 
the south most of the people speak French. 

Questions 

1. What countries border on Belgium? 

2. Which country is farther north, Belgium or Swit¬ 
zerland ? 

3. What section of France does Belgium adjoin? On 
which part of France does Switzerland border? 

4. How far is Brussels from Paris? In what direc* 
tion? 

5. How far is Brussels from Cologne? In what direc¬ 
tion? 

Exercise , 

Trace a journey by rail from Brussels to Rome. Men¬ 
tion the cities through which you would pass, and state 
some fact of interest about each. 



Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

A canal and windmills, Holland. 


CHAPTER XIV 

THE NETHERLANDS 

The Netherlands, or Holland (map, page 70), is a 
country of extremely flat lands, windmills, ditches, canals 
and dikes. 

Surface. It is the west end of the great plain of Eu¬ 
rope, and is formed by the detritus of the Alps and some 
French and German mountains, brought by the Rhine, 
Meuse and Scheldt. Much of the land is below the level 
of the sea; therefore, the Dutch have built great walls to 
shut out the sea and to keep the rivers from flooding the 
land, which lies lower than the rivers near their mouths. 
These walls, or dikes, as they are called, need to he very 
strong to resist the heavy blows of ocean waves. Some 
of them consist of parallel walls made of imported stone 
filled in with crushed stone and sand. Some are thirty 
feet high and six yards wide. The tops of some dikes are 
used as streets and roads; they have a central passage for 
vehicles and side paths for pedestrians. These are 
shaded by large trees, which have been placed there for 
the purpose of strengthening the dikes by their interlac¬ 
ing roots. Along the coast and rivers there are about 
sixteen hundred miles of dikes, which have to be con- 

193 




194 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


stantly watched and kept in repair, for a tiny leak might 
lead to terrible disaster. The government spends enor¬ 
mous sums each year for the maintenance of its dikes. 
The citizens are ever watchful for defects in the sea¬ 
wall, and at the sound of a great bell every citizen hastens 
to assist in averting the great danger of inundation. 

Holland presents strange spectacles. Ships are some¬ 
times moored higher than the roofs of the city, and the 
storks perched on the chimney-tops are often lower than 
the frogs and fish which are their prey. One wonders 
how it happened. The explanation is that one third of 
the Netherlands has been reclaimed from the sea. Ever 
since the twelfth century the Dutch have tirelessly 
wrested acre after acre from the embrace of the ocean, and 
even now the work is being continued along the Zuider 
Zee. This sea averages only twenty feet in depth, and it 
is the dream of the Dutch nation to change it all some 
day into polders, as the reclaimed flats of clay and sand 
are called. First, great walls are built into the water 
around the desired area; then the water is pumped out 
and forced into the ditches and canals which drain the 
land. Holland has abundant rain, which often collects 
in the low areas because the ground is saturated. For 
one reason or another, pumping never stops in Holland. 

Most of the surface is flat. Sand dunes, blown up by 
the wind, and glacial hills, called drumlins, break the mo¬ 
notony of the level surface, but they are few in number. 
The prevailing westerlies, unobstructed, blow steadily 
and strongly over the land. As Holland has little coal, 
and its streams are too sluggish to furnish water power, 
the Dutch have harnessed the powerful winds, which blow 
almost incessantly, to the pumps, without which the coun¬ 
try cannot be kept dry. Windmills have been built in the 
towns and cities and on the farms. Some steam pumps 
have been introduced. 


THE NETHERLANDS 


195 



Copyright, 6 y Undericood & Underwood. 

Scene on the polders, Holland. 


Size and Population. Though Holland has wrested so 
much land from the sea, it is still a tiny country. How¬ 
ever, it is rich in colonial possessions in the East and 
West Indies and South America. The total area of these 
possessions is sixty times as great as that of the Nether¬ 
lands proper. 

Products and Pursuits. Farming, gardening, dairying, 
fishing and manufacturing are the leading industries of 
the Netherlands. The farms yield cereals, potatoes, 
sugar beets and other vegetables. The Dutch are great 
gardeners, and have had remarkable success in the cul¬ 
ture of tulips, hyacinths, gladiolas, and other bulbs and 
plants. At one time the Dutch had a craze for tulip cul¬ 
ture, and cared so much for queer varieties that single 
bulbs of rare kinds sold for as much as three hundred 
dollars each. 



196 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


Holland is noted for its excellent milk. The cows re¬ 
ceive better care than in other dairying countries. 
They receive a cold bath daily, and in the middle of the 
day they can he seen on the polders feeding from boxes 
of food prepared by the farmers, which they know will 
produce richer milk than will grass alone. The barns, 
too, are scrupulously clean, being scrubbed daily, ceilings, 
walls, and all. Before milking* the cow’s tail is tied to a 
hook on the ceiling so that she cannot whisk dust into the 
milk. There is a great demand throughout Europe for 
Dutch butter and cheese, on account of their richness and 
flavor. 

Holland, with little coal or water power, lacks the re¬ 
sources which usually produce a great manufacturing na¬ 
tion. The need of farming implements and mechanical 
devices for pumping, forced the Dutch to start manufac¬ 
turing, which now ranks next to agriculture in impor¬ 
tance. Coal and iron are brought by canal from Ger¬ 
many and Belgium. Porcelain, silk, cotton and woolen 
goods are manufactured. 

The Dutch who dwell along the coast are expert fish¬ 
ermen, and secure great quantities of herring and oysters. 

Commerce. Holland carries on an extensive commerce. 
It contains the delta of the Rhine, which is navigable to 
Mannheim, and this has helped to build up its commerce. 
It controls the delta of the Scheldt, and thus the com¬ 
merce of Antwerp, in Belgium, passes through the Neth¬ 
erlands. Then, too, the canals and ditches present easy 
avenues for internal trade. Along the smaller canals it 
is not unusual to see canal boats, loaded with grain or 
coal, drawn by women walking on the towpath. Holland 
has railways directly connected with European trunk 
lines. In winter, when the canals are frozen, everybody 
goes to and from work on skates, and great sledges carry 
merchandise. 


THE NETHERLANDS 


197 


Much of Holland’s trade is with its colonies. From 
them it receives coffee, tea, gums, spices, diamonds, dye- 
woods and tobacco, which are afterward shipped to other 
ports. Cotton goods are sent to the colonies. Butter, 
meat and cheese are sent to Germany and England. Dia¬ 
monds, tin, cheese, bulbs and plants, such as azaleas and 
roses, are sent to the United States. Cereals, tobacco 
and meat products are our exports to Holland. 



The Peace Palace in the Hague, Holland, given by Andrew Carnegie for 
the use of peace conferences. 


Cities. The Hague, with its steep roofs and towers, is 
a delightful little capital. The streets are broad, shaded 
and clean. There is no noise or hurry, and yet the place 
is busy. The Queen resides there most of the year. The 
Houses of Parliament and the Mauritshuis, a picture gal¬ 
lery, are among the most interesting buildings. Andrew 
Carnegie has donated a building for holding peace con- 











198 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


ferences. The Hague is the meeting place of a body of 
men from all nations who advocate peaceful arbitration 
instead of war for settling all disputes among nations. 

Amstekdam is the constitutional capital of the Nether¬ 
lands. The kings and queens are crowned there. The 


i 

A 



Copyright, by Undericood & Underwood. 

A canal in Amsterdam, Holland. 






THE NETHERLANDS 


199 


Ryks Museum, containing famous portraits by Rem¬ 
brandt and Van der Heist, is the greatest attraction. 
Diamond cutting is an important industry. Amsterdam 
is built on something less than a hundred islands, con¬ 
nected by about three hundred bridges. It is connected 
with the ocean by a canal. It is the coffee and spice port 
of Holland. 


Here the Pilgrims who came to Amer¬ 
ica in the Mayflower assembled for wor¬ 
ship before they went to England. Delfts- 
haven is now a part of Rotterdam. 


Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

The church at Delftshaven, Holland. 

Delft, very near the Hague, has a bridge and canal 
in every street. The clay deposits near Delft being espe¬ 
cially fine, the city has become famous for its china, which 
is dark blue, and ornamented with scenes of canals and 
windmills. In Delft the storks are as great pets as are 
the bears in Bern. 

Rotterdam is the chief seaport of the Netherlands. 
German and English goods are transferred there. The 
Holland-America Line has docks at Rotterdam. 

Haarlem has a great trade in flowers, seeds and bulbs. 






200 


MINOE COUNTEIES OF EUEOPE 


Government. Holland is a limited monarchy. The peo¬ 
ple elect the members of the States-General, the Dutch 
parliament, and thus have a share in making the laws and 
regulating the expenses of the government. 

People. The Dutch are patient, strong, industrious, 
self-reliant and scrupulously clean. They are somewhat 
reluctant to adopt innovations. Men in full knee-trousers 
and women in short skirts and white caps are seen in the 
city streets. Many Dutch people have adopted the cos¬ 
tumes common to modern Europe and America. 

Questions 

1. Which has the longer sea coast, the Netherlands or 
Belgium? The Netherlands or Denmark? 

2. Why is part of the Netherlands represented in 
purple color on the physical map of Europe? (Page 14.) 

3. Which division of Great Britain is in the same lati¬ 
tude as the Netherlands? Which is the larger? 

4. What language is spoken by the people of Hol¬ 
land? 

5. Why was the capital of the Netherlands selected 
for the place of meeting of the International Peace Con¬ 
ference, instead of the capital of one of the six Great 
Powers? 


CHAPTER XV 

DENMARK 



Denmark, a country without important hills or rivers, 
occupies the northern part of the Peninsula of Jutland 
and the group of islands to the east, which almost close 
the entrance to the Baltic Sea. Greenland and the Faroe 
Islands, north of Scotland, belong to Denmark. Iceland 
has the same king as Denmark and is united to Denmark 
by other ties. The German ship canal between the North 
and Baltic seas has severed the Peninsula of Jutland from 
the mainland of Europe. 

Climate. The climate is temperate, with abundant rain¬ 
fall and frequent fogs. 

Products and Pursuits. Farming, fishing, stock raising 
and shipbuilding are the leading industries. Cereals, 
potatoes and sugar beets are the principal crops. Horses, 
cows and sheep are raised. 


Copyright, by Underivood & Underwood. 

The interior of a cheese factory, Denmark. 

201 











202 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 



Denmark is the great dairy of northern Europe. To 
Great Britain alone, $50,000,000 worth of butter is ex¬ 
ported yearly, and butter is sent to all out-of-the-way 
places of the world. Animals, wool, hides and eggs are 
exported. Coal, textiles, foodstuffs, wood and machinery are 
the most important imports. Hides, wool, provisions 

























DENMARK 203 

and rennet are sent to the United States. Grain and oil¬ 
cake are received from the United States. 

Cities. Copenhagen, which means merchants’ harbor, 
is situated on the island of Seeland. When the Danes 
owned what is now southern Sweden, and thus controlled 
both sides of the strait, toll was asked of ships on their 



Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

Harbor of Copenhagen, Denmark. 


way to or from the Baltic. Copenhagen was the toll-gate 
upon the narrow ocean highway, where ships from all 
over the world made a short stop. Copenhagen owes its 
growth to the intercourse with other people which this 
system of tolls compelled. The streets of Copenhagen 
are narrow, but well paved and clean. The Thorvaldsen 
Museum is an interesting place, containing many sculp¬ 
tures by Thorvaldsen. In it is a bronze statue of Hans 
Christian Andersen, the great Danish writer of beautiful 
fairy tales, which have endeared him to all readers, young 
and old. Other statues by Thorvaldsen adorn public 
squares and churches. There are excellent schools, and 
the University of Copenhagen enjoys a high reputation. 

Elsinore, or Helsingor, also in Seeland, is the scene of 
Shakespeare’s great play of ‘‘Hamlet.” 










204 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


The Danes are an intelligent people, honest in all their 
dealings. They are fearless sailors, and have penetrated 
far into the North Polar regions, where they control 
Greenland. 

ICELAND 

Iceland is a sovereign state, under the Danish king. 

Iceland historically belongs to Europe. It lies far to 
the north, and was in the pathway of the early Vikings, 
who discovered Greenland and the Atlantic coast of 
North America centuries before the time of Columbus. 
Iceland is the most western land of Europe, but it is so 
far north that it is out of the way of transatlantic steam¬ 
ship lines which ply between Europe and North America. 

The surface consists of volcanic rocks. There are 
more than one hundred volcanoes, of which many are ac¬ 
tive. Mt. Hekla is the most important. Injurious earth¬ 
quakes occur frequently. There are many springs which 
spout hot water from time to time. One of these is called 
the Geyser, and from it all springs of that kind derive 
the name by which they are commonly known. 

The climate is wet and stormy, but the cold is moder¬ 
ated by the surrounding water. The pasturage is excel¬ 
lent, and sheep are raised. The shallow waters around 
Iceland are important fishing grounds, visited by the fish¬ 
ing fleets of Europe. Whales and seals are plentiful. 
The eider duck, which is much larger than the common 
duck, is very numerous and almost domestic. It is valued 
for the eider down, or soft feathers, which it plucks from 
its breast to line its nest. This down is very light and 
warm, and is exported in large quantities to be made into 
coverlets, robes and similar garments. 

The inhabitants live chiefly on the coast. 

Reikiavik, the capital of Iceland, is the only large 
town and seaport. Exports are eider down and feathers, 


ICELAND 


205 



Reikiavik. 

and the products of the sheep farms and fisheries. There 
is in Keikiavik a statue of the great Danish sculptor, 
Thorvaldsen, who was the son of an Icelandic wood 
carver living in Copenhagen. 

Questions 

1. Name the countries every part of which is farther 
north than the Peninsula of Jutland. 

2. Which countries have some part lying farther north 
than Jutland ? 

3. What Danish island group is located in European 
waters? 

4. How does its latitude compare with the latitude of 
Denmark ? 

5. Which meridian separates the Eastern from the 
Western Hemisphere? 

6. Is Iceland chiefly in the Eastern or the Western 
Hemisphere ? 

7. What other European island is the size of Iceland? 










CHAPTER XVI 


SCANDINAVIA 

location, Size, Population. Scandinavia is a great penin¬ 
sula in the northwestern part of Europe. In a grand di¬ 
vision of extensive peninsulas it is the largest. It is oc¬ 
cupied by two kingdoms, Norway and Sweden. 

Next to Russia, the Scandinavian countries cover more 
degrees of latitude than any other country of Europe. 
Norway is often spoken of as the “Land of the Midnight 
Sun,” but this name can be applied with accuracy only 
to the region within the Arctic Circle. At the southern 
boundary of the North Frigid Zone there is one day in 
summer when the sun never sets, and in winter there is 
one day when it never rises. As one goes farther north 
the number of days during which the sun remains above 
the horizon increases, and there is a corresponding 
period of continuous night in winter. The shortest night 
in Bergen, Christiania and Stockholm consists of about 
five hours of twilight. 

Because of the severe climate and small resources, 
Scandinavia, in spite of its great size, has fewer people 
than have much smaller areas in the more favored parts 
of Europe. 

Climate. Scandinavia has severe winters and cool, al¬ 
most cold summers. The Kiolen Mountains, which extend 
from north to south, intercept the westerlies and deprive 
the eastern slopes of the moderating influence of these 
winds, hence the eastern part of the peninsula is colder 
and has less rain and snow than the Atlantic slope. Dur¬ 
ing the winter months there is snow on the ground all 
206 


SCANDINAVIA 


207 



the time, and people go from place to place in sleighs, 
and enjoy exercise and sport on skis and toboggans. 

Countries. Norway occupies the northwestern part of 
Scandinavia; Sweden, the southeastern part. Sweden is 
somewhat larger than Norway, and has more than twice 
the population. Both are limited monarchies. 

People. The Scandinavians are strong, fearless, 
thrifty, industrious and intelligent people. One can dis¬ 
tinguish in the civilized Scandinavians of to-day the 
traits of their ancestors, the Vikings, who invaded Eng¬ 
land, and voyaged to North America hundreds of years 
before Columbus. Norway and Sweden have excellent 
public schools, including institutions for instruction in 
the trades and in mechanic arts. 


Lapps. 

In the north of Scandinavia there are about twenty 
thousand Lapps, who subsist mainly on fish and the flesh 
of reindeer. They belong to the yellow race, and are a 
semi-barbarous, nomadic people. 




208 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 



A Norwegian farmhouse. It is built of stone and wood. 


Questions 

1. How much of Scotland is in the same latitude as 
southern Norway? 

2. Which countries of Europe are farther west than 
Norway? 

3. Which extends farther north, Sweden or Norway? 
Farther south? Farther east? Farther west? 

4. How much of Norway is mountainous? 

5. In what direction do the mountains extend? 

6. What is the length, in miles, of the journey from 
Christiania to Hammerfest? 


NORWAY 

Surface. Norway consists mostly of old eroded moun¬ 
tains, the Kiolen, which are higher toward the south. The 
western slope is steep in most places, the mountains ris¬ 
ing directly from the ocean. 

Coast. The west coast attracts many tourists, who 
come to see the midnight sun, the glaciers, and the won¬ 
derful fiords, which are like deep cuts into the table-land 
of Norway. Some of them extend ninety miles into the 
interior, and the high cliffs act as great walls, keeping 
out the winds. The water in the fiords is, consequently, 
as placid as a lake, giving these chasms great value as 
secure havens. Many of the inhabitants live along the 











NORWAY 


209 


fiords on the isolated skerries, or rocky isles, of which 
there are thousands along the coast. North Cape, on the 
most northerly skerry, rises abruptly from the sea to a 
height of over nine hundred feet. 



North Cape, Norway. 


Products and Pursuits. The wealth of Norway lies in its 
forests, fisheries and ships. The hard woods of southern 
Norway and western Sweden are exported to all parts 
of Europe. The streams are used to float logs from the 
forest and to furnish water power for the sawmills. No 
other part of Europe has so much water power as have 
Norway and Sweden, and although there is little manu¬ 
facturing at present, that occupation is developing rap¬ 
idly. About half of the Norwegians are fishermen and 
sailors. In number of vessels Norway’s merchant marine 
ranks third among European countries. Besides timber, 
woodenware and fish, Norway exports ice for lefriger- 
ating purposes to the more southern countries of Europe. 




210 


MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 



The main street in Christiania, Norway. The Royal Palace is at the 
end of the street in the distance. 

Cities. Christiania, the capital of Norway, is situated 
at the head of a deep fiord, surrounded by forests. It 
has wide, well-paved streets and large buildings of stone. 
Though the harbor is icebound four months out of the 
twelve, Christiania is, nevertheless, the chief commercial 
city of Norway. 

The harbor of Bergen, on the western coast, somewhat 
north of Christiania, is never frozen. Bergen is the fish¬ 
ing center of Norway. 

Hammerfest, the northernmost town of Europe, owes 
its existence to the influence of the Gulf Stream. The 
town is built along the coast. All the buildings are of 
wood. There are good schools and hotels and even a 
newspaper. 

Questions 

1. Which is wider from east to west, Norway or 
Sweden ? 

2. In which zone is Hammerfest? Bergen? 

3. What is the boundary between these zones? 








SWEDEN 


211 



Hammerfest, Norway. 

4. What is the latitude of Christiania? Bergen? 
Stockholm? 


SWEDEN 

Surface. The eastern slope of the Kiolen descends in 
three terraces to the shores of the Baltic Sea, and its 
northernmost arm, the Gulf of Bothnia. This part of 
Scandinavia is occupied by Sweden. 



Copyright, by Underwood & Underwood. 

Scene on a farm. Sweden. 









212 MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 

Drainage. Glaciers on the higher, mountains give rise 
to numerous rivers, which have rapid currents. Sweden 
has so many lakes and rivers that they are close together. 
The Swedes have joined some of them by short canals, 


Copyright, by U nderwood & Underwood. 

A grain field in the hill section of Sweden. 

thus forming continuous waterways of considerable 
length. The Gotha Canal, which connects Lake Wenner 
with the Baltic, was constructed in this way. The land 
slopes so much that locks are necessary to raise and lower 
the boats from one level of a canal to another. 

Products and Pursuits. The heights of western Sweden 
are timbered, the middle terraces are rich in minerals, 
and the coastal plain is devoted to agriculture. Although 
the summer is short and even cool, the sun shines during 
most of the twenty-four hours, and hence there is warmth 




SWEDEN 


213 


enough to ripen hardy grains. Cattle and sheep feed on 
the grassy slopes of the Kiolen, east of the forest belt. 

Iron is the most important mineral of Sweden, because 
Swedish iron is the best in the world. Sheffield uses it 
for the finest cutlery, and great quantities of it are used 
in Birmingham. The United States imports Swedish 
iron. 

Sweden is in advance of Norway as a manufacturing 
country. Lumber, wood pulp, iron and steel, machinery, 
butter and matches are the chief products and the chief 
exports. 



Copyright, by Keystone View Company. 

The harbor, Stockholm, Sweden. 

Cities. Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, is built on 
both sides of the channel which connects the Baltic Sea 
with Malar Lake. It is at the entrance to the mining and 
agricultural regions, and hence has become the chief port 
of Sweden. Stockholm is built on islands, and is cut by 
so many canals that the city seems to ride on the waves. 






214 MINOR COUNTRIES OF EUROPE 


The terraces of the king’s palace lead to the water. 
Beautiful statues adorn the streets of Stockholm, evinc¬ 
ing the artistic taste and culture of the people. 

Commerce of Norway and Sweden. The commerce of Nor¬ 
way and Sweden is chiefly with England, the United States, 
Germany, and with each other. Scandinavian countries 
import coal, breadstuffs and wool, and export the prod¬ 
ucts of their forests, mines and factories. 


* Questions 

1. What part of the Pacific coast of North America 
is in the same latitude as Scandinavia f 

2. In what respect do the coast lines of the two sec¬ 
tions resemble each other f 

3. What caused these coasts to have the features 
which characterize them? 

4. What waters are east of Scandinavia? 

5. By what straits are these waters connected with the 
North Sea? 

6. Which has the better location as a seaport, Stock¬ 
holm or Christiania? 

7. Is Norway or Sweden the better adapted for farm¬ 
ing? Why? 

Exercises 

Draw a map of the North and Baltic seas and their 
connecting waters. 

Mark the names of the countries which border on these 
seas. 

Locate ten ports on the coast. 

Mark with their names the mouths of six rivers which 
flow into these seas. 


SUMMARY AND COMPARISON 


Although all hut one of the other grand divisions are 
larger than Europe, there is none so far advanced in civi¬ 
lization. North America ranks next. 

Civilization has spread from Europe to the other grand 
divisions. Europeans and their descendants are the lead¬ 
ing people of every grand division, including North 
America. Steamship lines connect Europe with the rest 
of the world, and bring to European countries the prod¬ 
ucts of other lands, chiefly raw materials, in exchange for 
her manufactures. The swiftest of these ocean liners 
carry to and from Europe the mail, by which even remote 
parts of the world are kept informed of European prog¬ 
ress. Cables under the ocean serve the same purpose 
for those affairs of business and politics which must he 
transacted with great dispatch. 

Questions 

1. Which extends farther north, Europe or North 
America ? 

2. Which extends farther south? 

3. In which part of North America are the principal 
highlands ? 

4. In which part of Europe are the principal high¬ 
lands ? 

5. In what direction do the principal highlands or 
North America extend? The principal highlands of 
Europe? 

6. In which part of North America is the longest 
river? In which section of Europe? 

7. Compare the lengths of the two rivers. (See table, 

page xxiii.) , . , 

8. Which region of North America has a continental 

climate? Which part of Europe? 

215 


216 


EUROPE 


9. Which is greater, the distance from the United 
States to South America, across the Gulf of Mexico and 
Caribbean Sea, or the distance across the Mediterranean 
from Europe to Africa? 

10. How far is it from Europe to North America? 
What is the quickest time made by ocean liners across 
the Atlantic? 

In both North America and Europe population is 
densest along the Atlantic coasts. The settlement of 
North America by Europeans began in the east and has 
spread westward. In Europe the western part has de¬ 
veloped most rapidly because that section is on the open 
sea, and because it includes the chief coal and iron re¬ 
gions, where manufacturing has developed. 

North America has two advantages over Europe. It 
borders on the Pacific Ocean as well as on the Atlantic. 
This has brought about great settlements along the west¬ 
ern coast of North America, for which Europe, bordering 
on the vast interior plains of northern Asia, has no coun¬ 
terpart. In Europe the people speak many languages; 
in North America but few. There are in North America 
settlers from all the countries of Europe, but they soon 
learn the language of their new home, English in the 
United States and Canada; Spanish in Mexico and Cen¬ 
tral America. 

Exercises 

(Refer to tables, page xi.) 

Arrange the capitals of the Great Powers in order accord¬ 
ing to latitude. 

Arrange them according to longitude. 

Arrange the Great Powers according to their area. 

Arrange them according to their population. 


INDEX AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 

KEY< — Vowels: a in late. ft in f&t, a in care, a in far, a in last, a in fall, a in sofa, au in 
author ;_e in me, 6 in met, berry, e in veil, e in term, 6 in there; I in fine, i in tin, i in 
police; o in note, 5 in not, o in son, o in for, o in <lo, o in wolf; u in tune, ft in nftt, u in 
rude (= o), u in full, u = a sound midway between oo and* ee, ua -- wa, ue = we ; y in my, y 
in hymn. Consonants: 9 in <jent, machine, e in can, chasm; g in gem, g in get; K = the 
guttural sound represented by ch in German words ; n = ng, N = ng in its effect (nasal) on the preced¬ 
ing vowel, but is itself silent; § = z; fh in fhine. Italic letters are silent. 


Aa'chen (-Ken) 112 
Ab'bots-ford 63 
Ab-er-deen' 47 
A-dri-St'ic Sea 91, 94 
iE-ge'an (e-) Sea 12, 177 
Af'ri-ca 1, 9 
Al-ba'ni-a 167, 170 
Al'der-ney (al'-) 46 
Al-ge'ri-a 71 
Al-ma-den' (-then') 151 
Alps Mts. 16, 19, 26, 180 
Al-sa§e'-Lor-raine' 84 
Am'ster-dam 198 
An-da-lu'si-a (-shi-) 153 
animals"27, 28, 153, 156, 
169, 187, 196 
Ant'werp 190 
Ap'en-nlne Mts. 12, 89 
Areh-an'gel 134 
ar-chi-pel'a-go 13 
Arc'tic Ocean 18 
Ar-gen-ti'na 48 
Asia (a'shi-a) 11, 27 
Ath'en? 178 
At-lan'tic Drift 25 
Atlantic Ocean 37 
Aus-tra'li-a, 1, 9, 48 
Aus'tri-a 143 
Auvergne (o-vern'y’) Mts. 
72 

av'a-lanche 182 
Ayr (&r) R. 62 
Azof (a'zof), Sea of 128 
Ba/den-Ba'den 112 
Bal-e-ar'ic Islands 154 
Bal-kan' Mts. 12, 16, 

172 

Bal'tic Sea 18, 25 
Bar-ge-15'na, 157 
Ba-va'ri-a 123 
Bel-fast' 65 
Bel'gi-um 187 
Bel-grade' 170 
Ben Ne'vis 44, 61 
Ber'gen 206 
Be'ring Strait 2 
Ber'lin 115-117, 35, 114 
Bern 184 
Bil-ba'o 159 
Bing'en 109, 110 
Bir'ming-7iam 55 
Bis'cay, Bay of 18 
Black Forest 108 
Black Sea 18, 20, 128 


BlaNC, Mt. 16, 181 
Bo-he'mi-a 146, 147 
Bo-lo'gna (-lon'ya) 103 
B6r-deaux' (-do') 84, 78 
Bos'po-rus, Strait 12, 174 
Bos'ton (Mass.) 49 
Both'ni-a, Gulf of 12 
Brad'ford 55 
Bra-zil' 161 
Brem'en 118 
Bres'lau (-lou) 121 
Brlgr/t'ton 56 
Brin-di'gi 94, 35 
Bris'tol 56; Channel 58 
British Isle§ 41, 13, 16 
Briinn 148 
Brus'sel§ 189 
Bu-elia-rest' 165 
Bu'da-pest 145 
Bue'nos Ai'res 104 
Bul-ga'ri-a 167, 172 
Bug R. 137 
cable 37 
Cal'ais 49, 78 
Cam'bri-an Mts. 59 
Cam'bridge 57 
canals 20, 49, 73,114, 134, 
177, 189, 196, 212 
Can-ta'bri-an Mts. 149 
Car'diff 59 
Car'di-gan Bay 58 
Car-pa'thi-an Mts. 16,137 
Car-ra'ra 92 
Cas'pi-an Sea 1, 127 
Ca-ta'nia (-nya) 99 
Cau-ca'sian (-shan) race 
33 

Cau'ca-sus Mts. 1, 16, 125 
Celts 60 

Cg-nls', Mt. 35, 78 
cereals 63, 91, 112, 213; 
see wheat 

Cevennes (sa-ven') Mts. 
72, 73, 75 

Chamber of Deputies 85 
ha-mo-nix', Valley of 16 
hannel Islands 44, 46 
Chem'nitz (kem'-)_121 
Cherbourg (sher-boor') 78 
Ches'ter 57, 58 
Chev'i-ot Hills 46 
Chi'le 60 
Chi'na 35 

•Chris-ti-a'ni-a 210, 206 
217 


climate 22, 44, 45, 74, 90, 
110, 128, 144, 150, 
163*, 167, 201, 206 
continental 128, 146 
Clyde R. 61 

coal 29, 47, 59, 64, 75, 
104, 112, 119, 138, 
146, 189 
coast, 

length 11, 12 
rising 90 

sinking 13, 16, 18 
Cod, Cape 37 
Co-logme' 118 
Commons, House of 43 
Co'mo, Lake 90 
Concert of Europe 39 
Congress 43, 185 
Con'stance, L. 73,108,181 
Con-stan-ti-no'ple 175, 36 
Continental Shelf 13, 29 
Co-pen-ha'gen 203 
Cor'inth 178 
Isthmus of 177 
cork 152, 153 
Cork 66 
Cor'si-ca 81 
Cos'sacks 134 
cotton 48, 64 
Crete 179 
Cro'ats 170 
Cu'ba 155 
Cy'prus 11 
Czar 133 

C zech-o-slo-v&k' i-a ( chek-) 
34, 143, 146 ~ 

Czechs (cheks) 146, 148 
Dan'ube R. 19, 20, 143, 
144, 163, 170 
Dan'zig (-tsiK) 140 
Dar-da-neUe§' 13, 167, 174 
Delft 199 

dSl'ta 90, 109, 163, 196 
D6n'mark 201 
Di’-eppe' 49 
dikes 19, 187, 193 
Di-nar'ic Alps 112, 167, 
168 

Dme'per R. 133 
Dnies'ter R. 163 
DSrt'mund (-munt) 120 
Do'ver 49 
Strait of 13, 49 
Dra'chen-fels (-Ken-) 108 





218 INDEX AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 


Drgg'den 120, 113 
driim'lin 64, 194 
Dub'lin 66, 49, 57 
Duisburg (dus'burK) 120 
Dti'na R. 141 
Du-raz-zo (du-rat'so) 171 
Diis'sel-dorf i 19 
earth'quake 90 
Eastern Hemisphere 1 
East Prussia 107, 118 
E'bro R. 149 
Edinburgh (ed'’n-biir-o) 
62, 57 

Ehrenbreitstein (a-ren- 
brit'shtin) 109 
El'be R. 108, 117 
El-burz' Mt. 126 
El-si-nore' 203 
Eng'land 41, 45, 39 
English Channel 13 
Erz'ge-blr-ge (6rts'-) 112 
Es'sen 120 
Es-tho'ni-4 140, 141 
es'tu-a-ry 16, 45, 55, 84, 
117 

Et'n4, Mt. 90, 92 
E'ton 57 

Eu-ra'si-a (-shl-a) 1, 2 
Exi'rdpe, 1, 11 
Far'oe Islands 201 
Fin'gal’s Cave 64 
Fin-is-terre', Cape 11 
Fln'land 140 
fiord (fyord), 15, 16, 208 
firth 16 

Firth of Forth 62 
Fish'guard 37 
fishing 46, 75, 129, 188, 
196, 204 

Fiume (fyu'ma) 105, 169 
Flam'bor-ough (-biir-o) 
Head 63 

flax 65, 111, 128, 188 
Flgm'ish 192 
Flbr'ence 102 
forests 111 
France 69, 39 
Frank'furt-am-Main 121 
Ga'latz 165 

Galicia (ga-lish'i-a) 137 
Gal'ves-ton 49 
Ge-ne'v4 184, 40 
. Lake 73, 181 
G6n'o-4 100, 94 
Ger'ma-ny 106, 39 
Gh&nt 191 

Giants Causeway 64 
Gl-bral'tar 150 
Strait of 13 

Gironde (zhe-roNd') 16 
gla'ciers (-sherz) 17, 22, 
64, 180, 212 


Glas'gow (-ko) 62, 49, 60 
Good Hope, Cape of 37 
Gram'pi-an Hills 61 
Gra-na'd4 159, 154 
Great Brlt'ain 41 
Great Powers 39 
Greece 167, 176, 12 
Greenwich (grln'Ij) 53 
Gua-dal-qulv'er R. 158 
Guernsey 46 
Gulf Stream 24 
Haar'lem 199 
Hag ue 197 
H&m'bhrg 117-118 
Ham'mer-fest 210, 211 
Hanover 118 
H&r'row 57 
Havre (avV) 83, 78 
H6b'ri-de§ Islands 44 
HSk'14, Mt. 204 
Hel-sing-fors' 141 
Hel-sing-or' (-ur') 203 
Her-cu-la'ne-um 98 
highlands, 

principal 2, 3, 16 
secondary 125, 206 
HSl'land 193 
Hol'y-hgad 49 
Horn, Cape 9, 37 
Hull 55, 47 
Hhn'ga-ry 144 
I-be'ri-4 12, 149 
Ice Age 22 
Iceland 204 
In'di-4 35 
Indian Ocean 1 
I-6'ni-an Sea 12 
Ireland 49, 64 
Irish Free State 65 
I'rish Sea 58 

iron 48, 59, 75, 112, 119, 
146, 159, 213 
Iron Gate 163 
ir-ri-ga'tion 91, 151 
It'a-ly 87, 39 
Ja-pan' 48 
Jer'gey 46 

Jungfrau (yung'frou) 183 
Ju'ra Mts. 180 
Jutland 12 
Ka'ng-a 179 

Karls'bad (-bat) 146, 147 
K at line L6ch 60 
Kat'te-gat 12 
Khar'kov 133 
Ki'gf 133 

Kiel 118; ship canal 107 
Kll-lar'ney Lakes 64 
Kiolen (chelen) Mts. 206, 
211 

Kls'sing-en 112 
Ko'blenz 109 


Konigsberg (ke'nlKs- 
bSrK) 118 
Koono, 142 
Kra'kow 139 
Krefeld (kra'fSlt) 119 
La-do'ga, Lake 22 
lakes 22; 60, 64, 90, 212 
Landes (laNd) 72, 75 
Lands End 37 
Lap'land 34, 207 
Lat'vi-4 140, 141 
League of Nations 40, 
184 
Leed§ 55 
Lgg'horn 102 
Leicester (16s'ter) 55 
Leip'zig (-slk) 120, 28 
Le-vant' 177 
Liege (le-azh') 191 
Lithe 84 

Limoges (le-mozh') 84 
Llg'bon 161 
Lith-u-a'ni-a 140, 142 
Llv'er-pool 53, 49 
Lodz 139 

Lo-fo'den Islands 11 
Loire (lwar) R. 73 
L6m'bar-dy 99 
Lo'mond, L6ch 60 
Lon'don 51, 28, 47, 49 
Lords, House of 43 
Lo're-lel Rock 108 
Lor-raine' 84 
Lou'vre 68, 80 
Lu-gerne' 184, 185 
Lake 181 

Lu-ga'no, Lake 90 
Lyon (le-oN') 82 
Ma-drld' 157 
Mag'de-burg (-byrK) 120 
Magr-gio're, Lake 90 
Magyar (m6d'y6r) 34,145 
Ma'la-ga 158 
M4'lar Lake 213 
Mal't4 104 
Man'ches-ter 54, 48 
ship canal 54 
Mann'heim 119 
manufacturing 48, 76, 83, 
93, 100, 112, 147, 188 
Mar'mo-ra, Sea of 13,174 
Marne R. 73 
Mar-seille (-s^'y’) 83, 78 
Mat'ter-horn 181 
Mgd-i-ter-ra'ne-an Sea 1, 
9, 13 

Meis'sen 113 
M6r de Glage 17 
Mer'§ey R. 45, 54 
Mes-si'na 99 
Meuse (mez) R. 193 
Mil'an 99 





INDEX AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 219 


mining 29, 47, 75, 112, 
129,146,151,188,213 
Mol'dau (-dou) R. 146 
Mon-tg-ne'gro 168 
M6nt-re-al' 49 
Mo-ra'vi*a 146 
Mos'co w i30, 134, 35 
Mu'nieh 121 
Mur-mansk' 134 
Na'ples (-p’lz) 98 
N6th'er-lands 18, 193 
New'cas-tle 56 
New'found-land 37 
New Ha'ven 49 
New Or'le-an§ 49 
New York 49 
Nm'men R. 138 
Nizhni Novgorod (nyez'- 
nye nov'go-rbt) 132, 
28 127 

North A-mSr'i-ca 2, 9 
North Cape 209 
Northern Ireland 65 
North Sea 13, 18 
Ndr'way 206, 208 
N6t'ting-/iam 55 
No'va Sco'ti-a (-shl-a) 37 
Nova Zem'bla 9 
Nu'r6m-berg 113. 122 
O'der R. 108 
0-dSs's4 133 
O-por'to 162 
Ork'ney Islands 44 
Ost-end' 190, 49 
Ox'ford 57 
Pa-ler'mo 99 
Pan-a-ma' Canal 9, 85 
Par'is 78, 35 
Par'lla-ment 43, 52 
pen-in'su-la 12 
Pe-tcho'ra R. 26 
Pe'tro-grad 131 
Phil'ip-plnes 40, 155 
Phoenicians (fe-nish'anz) 
47 99 

Pied'mont 100 
Pi'sa 103 
plain 18, 125, 144 
plants 23, 27, 152, 169, 
178, 195, 199 
Po'land 137 
P6m-pe'n 98 
Po R. 17, 19, 90 
Port'land (Me.) 49 
Por'to Ri'co 155 
Ports'mouth 56 
Por'tu-gal 149, 160 
pottery 55, 75, 84, 113 
Prague 147, 148 
Prussia (prush'a) 123 
Pyr'e-nee§ Mts. 16, 26, 72, 
74, 151 


Queens'town 37, 66 
Ra-gu'§a 168 
railways 36, 34, 49, 77, 
114, 134, 157, 189 
rainfall 25 

Reichstag (riKs'taK) 123 
Rei'kia-vik (-kya-) 204 
religion 34 

Representatives, House 
of (U. S.) 43, 85 
RSv'al 141 

Rhine R. 17, 19, 73, 108- 
110, 193 

Rhone R. 17, 19, 73 
Rif'fel Lake 21 
Ri'ga 142 
Ri'gi, Mt. 181 
Ri-vie'ra (-vya') 74, 91 
Rome 95, 35 
R6t'ter-dam 199 
Rou-ma'ni-^ 163 
Rug'by 57 
R xihr R. 120 
Russia (rhsh'4) 125, 39 
Sa-ha'ra 25, 71, 74 
St. Bernard (saN bgr-nar') 
181 

St. Etienne (saN-ta-ty6n') 
84 

St. Georges Channel 58 
St. Gott'hard 35, 73, 78, 
108, 184 
St. H6-le'na 82 
St. Pierre (saN pyar') 37 
Sal'ford 54 
Sa-lo-ni'ca 179, 169 
Sam-o-y6d§' 126 
Sar-din'i-4 89 
Sarre Basin 32, 75 
Save R. 166, 169 
Sgan-di-na'vi-4 12, 206 
Schaff-hau'sen (-hou'-) 
Falls 108 
Sqhmt R. 193 
Scotland 59 
Se-bas'to-pol 134 
Sedlitz (zgd'hts) 146 
Seine (skn) R. 73, 78 
Sen'ate (U. S.) 43, 85 
Ser'bi-a 168 
Sfiv'ilZe 158 
Sheffield 55 
Shetland Islands 44 
Sig'i-ty 13, 88 
Si-6r'ra Ne-va'da 149,151 
silk 82, 91, 93, 119 
Slm'plbn tunnel 35, 184 
Skag-er-Rak' 12 
Slav§ 34 

Slo-vaks' 146, 148 
Slo-vene§' 170 
Snow'don 59 


So'fi-a 173 

South-amp'ton 56, 37, 39 
South Downs 46 
Spam 149, 155 
springs 72, 112, 146 
steamships 35, 48, 78, 94 
stgppe 126 
Stet-tin' 118 
Stockholm 213, 206 
Stoke-on-Tr8nt 55 
Stone'hgnge 57 
Stra§-bourg' 84 
Strat'ford-on-A'von 56 
Strom'bo-li 90 
Stutt'gart 121 
Sy-6z' Canal 1, 9, 37, 85 
sugar 75, 113, 133 
Swe'den 206, 211 
Swltz'er-land 180 
Tar't4r 34 
tel'e-graph 37 
tel'e-phone 37 
Teu'tSns 33, 60, 123 
Thames (t6mz) R. 16, 45 
Tran-syl-va'ni-an Alps 163 
Tri-6s'te 94, 102 
tun'dr4§ 126 

tunnels 35, 78, 94,107,184 
Tu'rln 100 
Tur'key 167, 174 
Tweed R. 63 
T^r'6l 144 
U'krame 125, 133 
United Kingdom 41 
U'ral Mts. 1, 16, 125, 129 
Val-dai' Hills 125 
V&-l6n'ci-a (-shI-4) 158 
V6n'Ice 100, 93 
Ve-su'vi-us, Mt. 90, 98 
Vi-6n'na 144, 35 
V!s'tu-ia R. 137 
Vla-di-vos-tok' (-dye-) 129 
volcanoes 12, 72, 89, 90, 
98, 126 
V6l'g4 R. 127 
Wale§ 58 
War'saw 138 
Wa-ter-loo' 189 
Wenner (v6n'er), L. 212 
We'§er (va'-), R. 118 
westerlies 24, 64, 128 
West Ham 56 
West-pha'li-4 120 
wheat 75, 128, 145 
Wies-ba'den (ves-) 112 
winds 24 

Windsor Castle 44 
World Powers 39 
yellow race 34 
Yu-go-slav'i-a (yu) 167,168 
Zui'der Zee' 194 
Zu'ricZi 184 








APPENDIX 


REFERENCE MAPS 
AND 


TABLES 



EASTERN HEMISPHERE 




w 

w 

H 



S 

Ed 



55 

W 

H 

GO 

w 

£ 





X 













































Area and Population of Grand Divisions and Countries 


SUMMARY 

Length of earth’s axis (miles) 7,900 
Length of equator (miles) . 24,900 

Earth’s Surface(sq. mi.) 196,900,000 


Pacific Ocean (sq. mi.) 
Atlantic Ocean (sq. mi.) 
Indian Ocean (sq. mi.) . 
Antarctic Ocean (sq. mi.) 
Arctic Ocean (sq. mi.) 
The Sea (sq. mi.) 


71,000,000 

34,000,000 

28,000,000 

2,700,000 

4,000,000 

139,700,000 


Grand Divisions 


Square Miles Population 
North America 9,392,000 146,126,000 
South America 6,856,000 63,850,000 

Europe . . . 3,894,000 450,098,000 

Asia. 17,043,000 888,992,000 

Africa .... 11,514,000 136,272,000 
Australia, etc. . 3,457,000 8,758,000 

Antarctic Cont. 5,000,000 . 

The Land 57,156,000 1,694,096,000 


NORTH AMERICA 


United States . 

3,026,789 

105,711,000 

(States in Table, page xv) 


Alaska .... 

590,884 

55,000 

Dom. of Canada 

3,729,665 

8,788,000 

Nova Scotia 

21,428 

524,000 

N. Brunswick 

27,985 

388,000 

PrinceEdw.I. 

2,184 

89,000 

Quebec . . 

706,834 

2,361,000 

Ontaria . . 

407,262 

2,934,000 

Manitoba 

251,932 

610,000 

Saskatchewan 

251,700 

757,000 

Alberta . . 

255,285 

588,000 

Brit. Columbia 

355,855 

525,000 

Territories . 

1,449,300 

12,000 

Part Gt. Lakes 

30,540 


Newf’dland etc. 

49,680 

268,000 

St. Pierre, etc. . 

93 

5,000 

Greenland . . 

838,000 

14,000 

Mexico . . . 

767,300 

15,503,000 

Central America 

206,753 

5,813,000 

Guatemala 

43,640 

2,100,000 

Brit. Honduras 

8,600 

45,000 

Honduras . . 

44,276 

637,000 

Salvador . . 

8,170 

1,501,000 

Nicaragua . . 

49,550 

638,000 

Costa Rica 

18,690 

468,000 

Panama . . . 

33,300 

401,000 

Canal Zone 

527 

23,000 

West Indies. . 

91,400 

9,947,000 

Cuba .... 

44,000 

2,889,000 

Haiti, Rep. of 

11.070 

2,500,000 

Dominican Rep. 

18,750 

897,000 

Jamaica . . . 

4,840 

858,000 

Porto Rico 

3,435 

1,300,000 

Bahama Is. . 

4,400 

53.000 

Lesser Antilles 

4,905 

1,450,000 

Bermuda Is. 

19 

22,000 


SOUTH AMERICA 


Square MilesPopulation 


Brazil .... 

3,300,000 

30,645,000 

Argentina . . 

1,084,000 

8,699,000 

Paraguay . . 

100,000 

1,050,000 

Uruguay . . . 

69,000 

1,495,000 

Chile .... 

293.000 

3,755,000 

Bolivia .... 

440,000 

2,890.000 

Peru. 

440,000 

4,586,000 

Ecuador . . . 

118,000 

2,000,000 

Colombia . . 

466,000 

5,855,000 

Venezuela . . 

364,000 

2,412,000 

Guiana, British 

95,000 

298,000 

Guiana, Dutch. 

50,000 

113.000 

Guiana, French 

30,500 

49,000 

Falkland Is., etc. 

6,570 

3,000 

EUROPE 


United Kingdom 

94,350 

44,168.000 

England . . 

50,850 

35,679,000 

Wales .... 

7,473 

2,207,000 

Scotland . . 

30,405 

4,882,000 

No. Ireland, etc. 

5,622 

1,400,000 

Irish Free Stat> 

27,040 

3,140,000 

Germany . . . 

179,500 

50,857,000 

Belgium . . . 

11,760 

7,684,000 

Netherlands 

12,772 

6,841,000 

Denmark, etc. . 

17,125 

3,310,000 

Iceland . . . 

39,770 

95,000 

Norway . . . 

124,710 

2,646,000 

Sweden . . . 

172,928 

5,904,000 

Poland .... 

149,000 

27,442,000 

Danzig .... 

600 

365,000 

Lithuania . . 

25,500 

2,300,000 

Latvia .... 

24,000 

1,503,000 

Esthonia . . . 

18,500 

1,110,000 

Luxemburg . . 

999 

264,000 

Sarre Basin . . 

750 

658,000 

Andorra . . . 

175 

5,000 

France, etc. . . 

212,830 

39,233,000 

Spain .... 

192,000 

20,784,000 

Gibraltar . . . 

2 

25,000 

Portugal . . . 

34,264 

5,546,000 

Azores .... 

922 

243,000 

Switzerland . . 

15,956 

3,880,000 

Italy, etc. . . 

123,024 

40,082,000 

Fiume .... 

10 

50,000 

Malta, etc. . . 

124 

225,000 

Liechtenstein . 

61 

11,000 

Austria . . . 

30,700 

6,131,000 

Hungary . . . 

36,000 

7,841,000 

Czechoslovakia 

54,700 

13,596,000 

Yugoslavia . . 

95,000 

12,017,000 

Roumania . . 

116,000 

17,393,000 

Bulgaria . . . 

40,000 

4,910,000 

Albania . . . 

11,000 

832,000 

Greece .... 

42,000 

4,932,000 

Turkey in Eur. 

10,000 

1,800,000 

Russia in Eur. . 

1,816,500 

99,908,000 

Finland . . . 

130,000 

3,367,000 

Arctic islands . 

33,500 



xi 













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L.L. POATES ENG. CO., N.Y 


Xll 


























Area and Population of Grand Divisions and Countries ( continued ) 


ASIA 


Square Miles Population 


Turkey. . . . 

295,000 

10,000,000 

Syria. 

80,000 

3,000,000 

Iraq. 

140,000 

2,850,000 

Palestine . . . 

9,000 

757,000 

Cyprus . . . 

3,580 

311,000 

Sinai (Egypt) . 

22,800 

26,000 

Hedjaz .... 

140,000 

600,000 

Aden, etc. . . 

15,870 

177,000 

Oman .... 

75,000 

500,000 

Other Arabia . 

906,500 

2,000,000 

Persia .... 

635,000 

9,500,000 

Afghanistan 

240,900 

6,380,000 

Portug. India . 

1,400 

548,000 

Indian Empiro. 

1,856,500 

319,075,000 

India proper . 

1,446,200 305,069,000 

Burma . . . 

268,700 

13,206,000 

Baluchistan . 

141,600 

800,000 

Nepal .... 

54,000 

5,600,000 

Bhutan . . . 

18,600 

250,000 

Ceylon, etc. . . 

25,500 

4,568,000 

Straits Settl’s, etc 

35,600 

2,377,000 

Siam .... 

245,000 

8,266,000 

Fr. Ind.-Chin., etc. 256,500 

17,269,000 

East Indies . . 

788,000 

60,694,000 

Philippine Is.. 

115,000 

10,351,000 

Java .... 

51,000 

35,017,000 

Sumatra, etc.. 

185,000 

6,295,000 

Borneo . . . 

290,000 

2,459,000 

Other islands. 

147,000 

6,572,000 

China, etc. . . 

4,300,000 

320,880,000 

China proper. 

1,497,000 

302,340,000 

Tibet .... 

814,000 

2,000,000 

Sinkiang. . . 

550,000 

2,000,000 

Mongolia . . 

1,076,000 

1,800,000 

Manchuria. . 

363,000 

12,740,000 

Hongkong . . 

400 

625,000 

Weihaiwei . . 

280 

147,000 

Macao .... 

4 

75,000 

Japanese Empire 

261,300 

77,606,000 

Japan .... 

147,750 

55,961,000 

S. Sakhalin. . 

14,700 

106,000 

Taiwan, etc. . 

13,400 

3,654,000 

Dairen, etc. . 

1,200 

601,000 

Chosen . . . 

84,250 

17,284,000 

Russia in Asia . 

6,721,500 

41,037,000 

Siberia . . . 

4,162,000 

9,349,000 

Far Eastern Rep. 645,000 

1,812,000 

Turkestan . . 

570,000 

7,202,000 

Kirghiz . . . 
Lake Aral and 

780,000 

4,546,000 

Caspian Sea. 

195,600 


Khiva. . . . 

23,200 

519,000 

Bokhara. . . 

79,200 

3,000,000 

Armenia. . . 

15,000 

1,214,000 

Georgia . . 

26,000 

2,372,000 

Azerbaijan 

34,000 

2,097,000 

Russia proper, etc. 91,500 

2,800,000 

Arctic Islands . 

14,900 




AFRICA 

Square Miles Population 

Egypt 

3 gl 


400,000 

13,387,000 

Libia 

U % 

o 3 5 


542,000 

525,000 

Tunis 


► 

64,600 

2,094,000 

Algeria 

p-<’ CO 


343,600 

5,801.000 

Morocco 

C q 


154,570 

5,000,000 

Sp. Morocco 


21,200 

600,000 

Tangier (Int.) 


230 

60,000 

Sahara, part of. 

1,944,000 

695,000 

Rio de Oro, etc. 

82,100 

224,000 

Fr. West Africa 

704,000 

12,284,000 

Gambia 

. 


3,700 

248,000 

Port. Guinea 


13,100 

289,000 

Sierra Leone 


26,900 

1,403,000 

Liberia . 

• • 


36,800 

1,500,000 

Gold Coast, etc. 

88,800 

2,430,000 

Nigeria. 

. 


394,000 

17,300,000 

Anglo-Eg. Sud 

. 

1,014,400 

3,400,000 

Abyssinia. . 


312,000 

8,000,000 

Eritrea . 

, . 


42,500 

450,000 

Fr. Somali . 

. 

6,000 

208,000 

Brit. Somali. 


59,800 

300,000 

Ital. Somali . 

. 

190,000 

700,000 

Uganda Prot. 


111,000 

3,072,000 

Kenya . 

. 


247,000 

2,630,000 

Zanzibar 

. 


1,000 

197,000 

Tanganyika Ter. 

384,200 

4,000,000 

Belgian Congo. 

947,200 

15,400,000 

Fr. Equ’tor’l Af. 

840,600 

11,500,000 

Angola, etc. . 


490,800 

4,120,000 

Mozambique 


295,800 

3,120,000 

Union of S. Af. 

. 

792,340 

6,926,000 

C. of Gd. Hope 

277,000 

2,781,000 

Natal . 

, , 


34,710 

1,194,000 

Or. Free State 

48,340 

628,000 

Transvaal . 


114,290 

2,086,000 

S. W. Africa 


318,000 

237,000 

Rhodesia . . 


408,500 

1,735,000 

Other Br. S. Af. 

313,900 

1,989,000 

Madagascar. 


228,600 

3,545,000 

Other islands 


8,730 

1,800,000 


AUSTRALIA, ETC. 


Com. of Austr. 

2,972,866 

5,437,000 

Victoria . . . 

87,884 

1,532,000 

New S. Wales 

310,660 

2,100,000 

Queensland . 

668,497 

758,000 

South Austr. . 

380,070 

495,000 

Western Austr. 

975,920 

332,000 

Tasmania . . 

26,215 

214,000 

Northern Ter. 

523,620 

4,000 

New Zealand . 

104,663 

1,221,000 

New Guinea, etc. 

329,190 

1,183,000 

Solomon Is. . . 

16,950 

200,000 

New Caledonia 

7,650 

51,000 

New Hebrides. 

5,100 

60,000 

Fiji Islands . . 

8,050 

140,000 

Samoa Islands. 

1,076 

45,000 

Hawaiian Is. . 

6,449 

256,000 

Other Pacific Is. 

5,385 

160,000 


xiii 













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The United States 


State 

Area in 
Sq, Miles 

Alabama . 

51,998 

Arizona . . 

113,956 

Arkansas 

53,335 

California . 

158,297 

Colorado 

103,948 

Connecticut 

4,965 

Delaware 

2,370 

Dist. of Columbia 70 

Florida . 

58,666 

Georgia . 

59,265 

Idaho 

83,888 

Illinois . 

56,665 

Indiana . 

36,354 

Iowa .... 

56,147 

Kansas . . . 

82,158 

Kentucky . 

40,598 

Louisiana . 

48,506 

Maine . . . 

33,040 

Maryland . . 

12,327 

Massachusetts. 

8,266 

Michigan . . 

57,980 

Minnesota . 

84,682 

Mississippi . 

46,865 

Missouri 

69,420 

Montana 

146,997 

Nebraska 

77,520 

Nevada . 

110,690 

New Hampshire 

9,341 

New Jersey 

8,224 

New Mexico 

122,634 

New York . 

49,204 

North Carolina 

52,426 

North Dakota. 

70,837 

Ohio .... 

41,040 

Oklahoma . . 

70,057 

Oregon . . 

96,699 

Pennsylvania . 

45,126 

Rhode Island . 

1,248 

South Carolina 

30,989 

South Dakota . 

77,615 

Tennessee . 

42,022 

Texas . . 

265,896 

Utah .... 

84,990 

Vermont 

9,564 

Virginia . . 

42,627 

Washington. 

69,127 

West Virginia . 

24,170 

Wisconsin . 

56,066 

Wyoming . 

97,914 

Part of Gt. Lakes 61,730 

Main Body 3,088,519 


Pop. 1920 Capital 

2,348,174 Montgomery 
334,162 Phoenix 
1,752,204 Little Rock 
3,426,861 Sacramento 
939,629 Denver 
1,380,631 Hartford 
223,003 Dover 
437,571 

968,470 Tallahassee 
2,895,832 Atlanta 
431,866 Boise 
6,485,280 Springfield 
2,930,390 Indianapolis 
2,404,021 Des Moines 
1,769,257 Topeka 
2,416,630 Frankfort 
1,798,509 Baton Rouge 
768,014 Augusta 
1,449,661 Annapolis 
3,852,356 Boston 
3,668,412 Lansing 
2,387,125 St. Paul 
1,790,618 Jackson 
3,404,055 Jefferson City 
548,889 Helena 
1,296,372 Lincoln 
77,407 Carson City 
443,083 Concord 
3,155,900 Trenton 
360,350 Santa Fe 
10,385,227 Albany 
2,559,123 Raleigh 
646,872 Bismarck 
5,759,394 Columbus 
2,028,283 Oklahoma City 
783,389 Salem 
8,720,017 Harrisburg 
604,397 Providence 
1,683,724 Columbia 
636,547 Pierre 
2,337,885 Nashville 
4,663,228 Austin 
449,396 Salt Lake City 
352,428 Montpelier 
2,309,187 Richmond 
1,356,621 Olympia 
1,463,701 Charleston 
2,632,067 Madison 
194,402 Cheyenne 


105,710,620 


Outlying Territory, Etc. 


Alaska ('10) 

590,884 

55,036 

Juneau 

Guam. 

210 

13,275 

Agana 

Hawaii . 

6,449 

255,912 

Honolulu 

Philippines (’18) 

115,026 

10,350,640 

Manila 

Porto Rico . 

3,435 

1,299,809 

San Juan 

Pan. Canal Zone 

527 

22,858 


Samoan Is., etc. 

77 

8,056 


Virgin Is., of the 
U. S. (’17) . 

132 

26,051 


Soldiers and Sailors 
stationed abroad . 

117,238 



Total Outlying 716,740 12,148,875 

Grand Total . 3,805,259 117,859,495 


Largest Cities of the 
United States 

Population, 1920 
New York, N.Y. 5,620,048 
Chicago, 111. . . 2,701,705 

Philadelphia, Pa. 1,823,779 
Detroit, Mich. . 993,678 

Cleveland, Ohio. 796,841 
St. Louis, Mo. . 772,897 

Boston, Mass. . 748,060 

Baltimore, Md. . 733,826 

Pittsburgh, Pa. . 588,343 

Los Angeles, Cal. 576,673 
Buffalo, N. Y. . 506,775 

San Francisco, Cal. 506,676 
Milwaukee, Wis. 457,147 
Washington, D.C. 437,571 
Newark, N. J. . 414,524 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 401,247 
New Orleans, La. 387,219 
Minneapolis, 

Minn. . . . 380,582 

Kansas City, Mo. 324,410 
Seattle, Wash. . 315,312 

Indianapolis, Ind. 314,194 
Jersey City, N.J. 298,103 
Rochester, N. Y. 295,750 
Portland, Ore. . 258,288 

Denver, Colo. . 256,491 

Toledo, Ohio. . 243,164 

Providence, R. I. 237,595 
Columbus, Ohio. 237,031 
Louisville, Ky. . 234,891 

St. Paul, Minn. 234,698 
Oakland, Cal. . 216,261 

Akron, Ohio . . 208,435 

Atlanta, Ga. . . 200,616 

Omaha, Nebr. . 191,601 

Worcester, Mass. 179,754 
Birmingham, Ala. 178,806 
Syracuse, N.Y. . 171,717 

Richmond, Ya. . 171,667 

New Haven, Conn. 162,537 
Memphis, Tenn. 162,351 

San Antonio, Tex. 161,379 
Dallas, Tex. . . 158,976 

Dayton. Ohio . 152,559 

Bridgeport, Conn. 143,555 
Houston, Tex. . 138,276 

Hartford, Conn. 138,036 

Scranton, Pa. . 137,783 

Grand Rapids, 

Mich. . . . 137,634 

Paterson, N. J. . 135,875 

Youngstown, Ohio 132,358 
Springfield, Mass. 129,614 
Des Moines, Iowa 126,468 
New Bedford, 

Mass. . . . 121,217 

Fall River, Mass. 120,485 

Trenton, N. J. . 119,289 

Nashville, Tenn. 118,342 

Salt Lake City, 

Utah . . . 118.110 

Camden, N. J. . 116,305 

Norfolk, Va. . . 115,77/ 

Albany. N. Y. . 113,344 

Lowell, Mass. . 112,759 

Wilmington, Del. 110,168 

Cambridge, Mass. 109,694 
Reading, Pa. . . 107,784 

Fort Worth, Tex. 106,482 

Spokane, Wash. . 104,437 

Kansas City, Kan. 101,177 
Yonkers, N. Y. . 100,176 


XV 








XVL 













































Population of Cities in North America and South America 


NORTH AMERICA 


Canada 
Montreal . 
Toronto . . 
Winnipeg . 
Vancouver 
Hamilton . 
Ottawa . . 
Quebec . . 
Calgary . . 
Edmonton . 
Halifax . . 
London . . 
St. John . . 
Victoria . . 
Regina . . 


(1921) 

. 619,000 
. 522,000 

. 179,000 

. 117,000 

. 114,000 

. 108,000 
95,000 
63,000 
59,000 
58,000 
54,000 
47,000 
39,000 
34,000 

(1921) 
37,000 


N EWFOUNDLAND 

St. Johns . . . 


CENTRAL AMERICA 
British Honduras (1921) 
Belize .... 13,000 


Costa Rica (1920) 
San Jose . . . 39,000 


Guatemala (1921) 

Guatemala . . 90,000 

Quezaltenango . 35,000 

Coban .... 31,000 

Honduras (1920) 
Tegucigalpa . . 39,000 


Nicaragua (1920) 

Leon. 38,000 

Managua . . . 28,000 

Granada . . . 17,000 

Panama (1920) 
Panama .... 67,000 

Colon. 31,000 

Salvador (1920) 

San Salvador. . 80,000 

Santa Ana . . . 70,000 


Mexico (1921) 

Mexico ('19) . 1,080,000 

Guadalajara . . 119,000 

Puebla .... 96,000 

Monterey . . . 74,000 

San Luis Potosi . 68,000 


Merida .... 

62,000 

Leon. 

58,000 

Vera Cruz . . . 

49,000 

AguasCalientes. 

45,000 

Morelia .... 

40,000 

Pachuca . . . 

39,000 

Saltillo .... 

35,000 

Durango . . . 

32,000 


United States 
(See Table, page xv.) 


West Indies 


Havana, Cuba . 

364,000 

Camaguey, Cuba 

98,000 

Cienfuegos, Cuba 

95,000 

Santiago de 

Cuba, Cuba . 

70,000 

Port au Prince, 
Haiti .... 

120,000 

Santo Domingo, 
Dom. Rep. 

45,000 

Kingston, 

Jamaica . . . 

62,000 

San Juan, Porto 
Rico .... 

71,000 

Ponce, Porto 

Rico .... 

42,000 

Fort de France, 
Martinique . 

26,000 

Bridgetown, 
Barbados . . 

13,000 

St. Thomas, 
Virgin Islands 

8,000 


SOUTH AMERICA 

Argentina (1922) 


Buenos Aires . 

1,720,000 

Rosario . . . 

. 265.000 

La Plata . . 

. 151,000 

Cordoba . . 

. 135,000 

Tucuman . . 

91,000 

Santa Fe . . 

59,000 

Mendoza . . 

59,000 

Bahia Blanca 

. 44,000 

Brazil 

(1920) 

Rio de Janeiro 

1,158,000 

Sao Paulo . . 

. 579,000 

Bahia .... 

. 283,000 

Pernambuco 


(Recife) . . 

. 239,000 

Para (Belem) 

. 236,000 

Porto Alegre . 

. 179,000 

Nictheroy . . 

. 86,000 

Manaos . . . 

. 76,000 


xvii 


Bolivia (1918) 


La Paz . . . 


107,000 

Cochabamba 


31,000 

Potosi . . . 


30,000 

Sucre .... 


30,000 

Santa Cruz 


26,000 

Chile (1920) 

Santiago. . . 


507,000 

Valparaiso . . 


182,000 

Concepcion . 


66,000 

Antofagasta . 


51,000 

Iquique . . . 


37,000 

Talca .... 


36,000 

Chilian . . . 


30,000 

Colombia 

(1918) 

Bogota . . . 


144,000 

Medellin . . 


79,000 

Barranquilla . 


65,000 

Cartagena . . 


51,000 

Cali. 


45,000 

Manizales . . 


43,000 

Cucuta . . . 


29,000 

Bucaramanga 


25,000 


Ecuador (1919) 
Guayaquil . . . 100,000 

Quito. 81,000 


Guiana 

Georgetown, British 

Guiana (1911) 53,000 

Paramaribo, Dutch 

Guiana (1920) 51,000 

Cayenne, French 

Guiana (1918) 10,000 

Paraguay (1920) 
Asuncion . . . 100,000 


Peru 

Lima . . . 
Callao. . . 
Arequipa . 
Ayacucho . 
Iquitos . . 


(1919) 

. . 175,000 

. . 53,000 

. . 35,000 

. . 14,000 

. . 12,000 


Uruguay (1922) 
Montevideo . . 351,000 


Venezuela (1920) 

Caracas .... 92,000 

Maracaibo . . 47,000 

Valencia . . . 29.000 



























xviii 

































Population of Cities in Europe 


Albania (1914) 
Scutari . . . 32,000 

Austria (1920) 
Vienna .... 1,842,000 
Gratz .... 157,000 

Linz. 94,000 

Innsbruck . . 56,000 

Belgium (1921) 
Brussels . . . 775,000 

Antwerp . . . 304,000 

Liege .... 165,000 

Bulgaria (1920) 

Sofia .... 154,000 

Czechoslovakia (1921) 
Prague .... 676,000 

Brun. 221,000 

Danzig (1921) 
Danzig . . . 195,000 

Denmark (1921) 
Copenhagen . 561,000 

Esthonia (1922) 
Reval .... 123,000 

Finland (1920) 
Helsingfors . . 198,000 

Fiume 

Fiume .... 50,000 


France (1921) 


Paris . . 

. . 2,906,000 

Marseille . 

. . 586,000 

Lyon . . 

. . 562,000 

Bordeaux 

. . 267,000 

Lille . . . 

. . 201,000 

Nantes . . 

. . 184,000 

Toulouse . 

. . 175,000 

St. Etienne 

. . 168,000 

Strasbourg 

. . 167,000 

Havre . . 

. . 163,000 

Nice . . . 

. . 156,000 

Rouen . . 

. . 124,000 

Roubaix . 

. . 113,000 

Nancy . . 

. . 113,000 

Toulon . . 

. . 106,000 

Mulhouse 

. . 99,000 

Reims . . 

. . 77,000 

Germany (1919) 

Berlin . . 

. . 3,801,000 

Hamburg 

. . 986,000 

Cologne . 

. . 634,000 

Munich . 

. . 631,000 

Leipzig 

. . 604,000 

Dresden . 

. . 529,000 

Breslau 

. . 528,000 

Essen . . 

. . 439,000 

Frankfurt-am- 

Main . 

. . 433,000 


Germany ( continued ) 


Dusseldorf . . 

407,000 

Nuremberg . . 

352,000 

Charlottenburg 

322,000 

Hanover . . . 

310,000 

Stuttgart . . . 

309,000 

Chemnitz . . 

303,000 

Dortmund . . 

295,000 

Magdeburg . . 

285,000 

Konigsberg . . 

260,000 

Bremen . . . 

257,000 

Duisburg . . . 

244,000 

Stettin . . . . 

232,000 

Kiel. 

205,000 

Greece (1920) 

Athens . . . . 

301,000 

Salonica . . . 

170,000 

Piraeus . . . 

133,000 

Hungary 

(1921) 

Budapest . . . 

1,184,000 

Szeged . . . . 

110,000 

Italy (1921) 

Naples . . . 

780,000 

Milan . . . . 

718,000 

Rome . . . . 

691,000 

Turin . . . . 

502,000 

Palermo . . . 

400,000 

Genoa . . . . 

301,000 

Catania . . . 

255,000 

Florence . . . 

254,000 

Yugoslavia 

(1919) 

Belgrade . . . 

120,000 

Latvia (1920) 

Riga. 

185,000 

Lithuania 

(1914) 

Vilna . . . . 

215,000 

Luxemburg 

(1921) 

Luxemburg . . 

46,000 

Netherlands (1920) 

Amsterdam . . 

642,000 

Rotterdam . . 

605,000 

Hague . . . . 

360,000 

Norway (1920) 

Christiania . . 

258,000 

Poland (1921) 

Warsaw . . . 

931,000 

Lodz . . . . 

452,000 

Lemberg . . . 

219,000 

Krakow . . . 

182,000 

Portugal 

(1920) 

Lisbon . . . . 

490,000 

Oporto . . . . 

204,000 


Roumania (1917) 
Bucharest . . 309,000 

Russia (1920) 
Moscow . . . 1,050,000 


Petrograd 

(estimated) . 706,000 

Odessa .... 435,000 

Kief. 366,000 

Kharkof . . . 284,000 

Saratof . . . 235,000 


Nizhni Novgorod 112,000 

Spain (1920) 
Madrid . . . 751,000 

Barcelona . . 710,000 

Valencia . . . 244,000 

Seville .... 206,000 

Sweden (1922) 
Stockholm . . 422,000 

Goteborg . . . 227,000 

Switzerland (1920) 
Zurich .... 207,000 

Basel .... 136,000 

Geneva . . . 135,000 

Bern. 105,000 

Lucerne . . . 44,000 

Turkey 

Constantinople 1,000,000 
United Kingdom (1921) 


England 


London . . . 

7,476,000 

Birmingham . 

919,000 

Liverpool . . 

803,000 

Manchester . . 

731,000 

Sheffield . . . 

491,000 

Leeds .... 

458,000 

Bristol .... 

377,000 

West Ham . . 

301,000 

Hull. 

287,000 

Bradford . . . 

286,000 

Newcastle . . 

275,000 

Nottingham . 

263,000 

Portsmouth 

247,000 

Stoke-on-Trent 

240,000 

Leicester . . . 

234,000 

Salford .... 

234,000 

Scotland (1921) 

Glasgow . . . 

1,034,000 

Edinburgh . . 

420,000 

Dundee . . . 

185,000 

Aberdeen . . . 

159,000 

Ireland 

Dublin .... 

399,000 

Belfast .... 

393,000 

Wales 


Cardiff .... 

200,000 


xix 

































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XX 




































Population of Cities in Asia, Africa, and Australia 


ASIA 

Afghanistan 


Kabul .... 

150,000 

Kandahar . . 

31,000 

Herat .... 

20,000 

Arabia 

Mekka, Hedjaz 

70,000 

Aden, Aden . . 

55,000 

Jidda, Hedjaz . 

20,000 

Maskat, Oman. 

20,000 

China (proper), (1921) 

Shanghai . . . 

1,500,000 

Hankow . . . 

1,468,000 

Singan .... 

1,000,000 

Peking .... 

924,000 

Canton. . . . 

900,000 

Hangchow . . 

892,000 

Tientsin . . . 

800,000 

Ningpo. . . . 

628,000 

Foochow . . . 

624,000 

Changsha . . 

536,000 

Soochow . . . 

500,000 


Manchuria 

Mukden . . . 158,000 


Mongolia 

Urga .... 38,000 

Tibet 

Lassa .... 20,000 

Chinese Turkestan 
(Sinkiang) 

Kashgar . . . 60,000 

Yarkand . . . 60,000 

French Indo-China (’21) 
Cholon, Cochin- 

China . . . 94,000 

Saigon, Cochin- 

China . . . 82,000 

Pnum-Penh, 

Cambodia . 75,000 

Hanoi, Tonkin. 74,000 

Binh-Dinh, 

Anam . . . 74,000 

Hue, Anam . . 60,000 

H ONGKONG 

Victoria (’21) . 360,000 


India (1921) 


Calcutta . . 

. 1,328,000 

Bombay . . 

. 1,175,000 

Madras . . 

527,000 

Haidarabad 

404,000 

Rangoon . . 

342,000 

Delhi . . . 

. 304,000 

Lahore . . . 

282,000 

Ahmedabad 

274,000 

Lucknow . . 

240,000 

Bangalore . 

237,000 


India ( continued ) 

Karachi . . . 217,000 

Cawnpur . . 216,000 

Benares . . . 198,000 

Agra .... 185,000 

Mandalay . . 149,000 


AFRICA 

Abyssinia 

Adis Abeda . . 40,000 

Algeria (1921) 
Algiers .... 207,000 

Oran .... 141,000 


Japan 

(1920) 

Tokyo . . . 

. 2,173,000 

Osaka . . . 

. 1,252,000 

Kobe . . . 

608,000 

Kyoto . . . 

591,000 

N agoya . . 

. 429,000 

Yokohama . 

422,000 

Seoul . . . 

250,000 

Nagasaki . . 

176,000 

Pingyang . . 

72,000 

Iraq (1920) 

Mosul . . . 

350,000 

Bagdad . . 

250,000 

Palestine (1919) 

Jerusalem 

64,000 

Jaffa .... 

47,000 

Persia 

Teheran . . 

. 220,000 

Tabriz . . . 

200,000 

Ispahan . . 

80,000 

Kerman . . 

80,000 


Philippines (1918) 
Manila .... 283,000 


Iloilo. 48,000 

Cebu .... 46,000 

Russia in Asia 
Tiflis (T5) . . 347,000 

Tashkent (’13). 272,000 

Baku (’20) . . 250,000 

Omsk (’20) . . 144,000 

Kokand (’ll) . 118,000 

Irkutsk (’20) . 104,000 

Tomsk (’20). . 90,000 

Bokhara (T9) . 75,000 


Vladivostok (’20) 61,000 

Siam (1920) 

Bangkok . . . 630,000 


Straits Settlements 


Singapore (T9) 

387,000 

Syria 


Damascus . . 

250,000 

Aleppo .... 

250,000 

Beirut .... 

180,000 

Turkey 


Smyrna . . . 

375,000 

Brusa .... 

110,000 

Erzerum . . . 

90,000 

Sivas .... 

65,000 

Trebizond . . 

55,000 

Kaisariye . . 

54,000 


Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 
K hartum (T2) . 23,000 

Egypt (1917) 

Cairo .... 791,000 

Alexandria . . 445,000 

Port Said . . 91,000 

Kenya (1921) 
Mombasa. . . 40,000 

Liberia 

Monrovia. . . 6,000 

Libia (1911) 
Tripoli .... 73,000 

Bengazi . . . 35,000 

Madagascar (1921) 
Tananarivo . . 63,000 

Morocco (1921) 
Morocco . . . 140,000 

Fez. 70,000 

Tangier . . . 50,000 

Rabat .... 31,000 

Sierra Leone (1921) 
Freetown . . . 44,000 

Tunis (1921) 

Tunis .... 172,000 

Union of So. Africa (‘21) 
Johannesburg . 288,000 

Cape Town . . 207,000 

Durban . . . 146,000 

Pretoria . . . 94,000 

Kimberley . . 40,000 

Bloenfontein . 39,000 

Zanzibar 

Zanzibar . . . 35,000 


AUSTRALIA AND 
EAST INDIES 

Australia (1921) 
Sydney. . . . 898,000 

Melbourne . . 784,000 

Adelaide . . . 255,000 

Brisbane . . . 210,000 

Perth .... 155,000 

Ballarat . . . 39,000 

New Zealand (1921) 
Auckland . . 158,000 

Wellington . . 107,000 

Christchurch . 106,000 

Dunedin . . . 72,000 

Dutch East Indies 
Batavia,Java(’17) 235,000 


XX 






















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XXII 


































































General Tables 


Distances, etc. 

Miles 

Distance, Earth to Sun . . 93,000,000 

Distance, Earth to Moon . 240,000 

Diameter of Earth, Polar . 7,900 

Diameter of Earth, Equatorial 7,926 
Degree of Latitude, about . 69 

Circumference at the Equator 24,900 

Heights of Mountains, Plateaus 
and Peaks 

North America 


Feet 

Rocky Mts.10,000 

Sierra Nevada.9,000 

Cascade Mts.9,000 

Sierra Madre.8,500 

Coast Ranges.3,000 

Appalachian Mts. 2.500 

Mexican Plateau . . . . . 7,500 

Mt. McKinley, Alaska . . . 20,464 

Mt. Logan, Canada .... 19,539 

* Mt. Orizaba, Mexico. . . . 18,314 

Mt. St. Elias, Alaska , . . 18,010 

Mt. Popocatepetl, Mexico . . 17,784 

Mt. Whitney, Cal., Sierra 

Nevada.14,502 


Mt. Shasta, Cal., Cascade Mts. 14,380 
Pikes Peak, Col., Rocky Mts. 14,111 
Mt. Mitchell, N. C., 

Appalachians.6,711 


South America ( continued ) 


Mt. Illimani, Bolivia . . . 

Feet 
. 21,030 

Mt. Chimborazo, Ecuador . 

. 20,517 

Mt. Misti, Peru 

. 20,320 

Mt. Cotopaxi, Ecuador . 

. 19,613 

Mt. Tolima, Colombia . 

. 18,300 

Mt. Icutu, Venezuela. 

. 11,000 

Mt. Itatiaia, Brazil . 

9,840 

Europe 

Alps Mts., Switzerland . 

8,500 

Pyrenees Mts., Spain . . 

Ural Mts., Russia . 

8,000 

3,500 

Kiolen, Norway 

3,000 

Mt. Blanc, France. 

. 15,780 

Mt. Etna, Sicily .... 

. 10,865 

Mt. Hekla, Iceland . . . 

5,110 

Mt. Vesuvius, Italy . . . 

4,260 

Asia 

Himalaya Mts. 


Karakoram Mts., Tibet. . 

. 18,500 

Tien Shan, Turkestan 

. 18,000 

Kuenlun, Tibet .... 

. 18,000 

Caucasus Mts. 

. 10,000 

Pamir Plateau. 

. 16,000 

Tibet Plateau. 

. 15,000 

Mt. Everest, Nepal . 

. 29,002 

Mt. Elburz, Caucasus 

. 18,493 

Mt. Ararat, Armenia 

. 17,325 

Mt. Fujiyama, Japan . . 

. 12,395 


South America 


Africa 


Andes Mts. 

Bolivian Plateau . 

Mt. Aconcagua, Argentina 
Mt. Sahama. Bolivia . 

Mt. Sorata, Bolivia . 


13,000 

12,500 

23,860 

22,350 

21,286 


Atlas Mts., Morocco . 
Abyssinian Plateau . . . ‘ 

Mt. Kilimanjaro, East Africa 
Mt. Kenya, East Africa 
Mt. Stanley. 


9,000 

6,500 

19,780 

19,000 

16,800 


Lengths of Great Rivers 


Areas of Great Lakes 


North America 


Missouri- 

Miles 

Mississippi, 

4,200 

Missouri . 

2,900 

Mississippi 

2,600 

St. Lawrence. 

2,100 

Mackenzie. 

2,100 

Arkansas . 

2,000 

Yukon .... 

2,000 

Colorado . . . 

2,000 

Nelson- 


Saskatchewan 

1,900 

Rio Grande . 

1,800 

Columbia . 

1,300 

Ohio .... 

1,000 

Fraser .... 

750 


South America 


Amazon 

3,500 

Parana-Plata 

2,600 

Sao Francisco 

1,800 

Orinoco. 

1,500 

Magdalena . . 

1,100 

Australia 

Darling . . . 

1,100 

Murray . . . 

1.100 


Europe 

Volga . . . . 

Danube 

Dnieper 

Dwina . . . . 

Don . . . . 

Rhine . . . . 

Asia 

Yangtze . . . 

Ob. 

Yenisei . . . 

Hwang . . . 

Lena . 

Amur . . . . 

Mekong . . . 

Indus . . . . 

Euphrates 
Brahmaputra 
Ganges . . . 

Irrawaddy . . 

Africa 

Nile . . . . 

Niger . . . . 

Congo . . . . 

Zambezi . 
Orange . . . 

xxiii 


Miles 

2.300 
1,800 

1.300 
1,000 
1,000 

800 


3,100 

3,000 

3,000 

2,800 

2,800 

2,800 

2,600 

2,000 

2,000 

1,80G 

1,500 

1,500 


North America 


Superior . 


Sq. Miles 
. 31,000 

Huron . 



24,000 

Michigan . 



22,500 

Great Bear 



14,000 

Erie . . . 



10,000 

Winnipeg . 



9,000 

Ontario 



7,250 

Nicaragua 



3,000 

Great Salt 



2,300 

South 

America 

Titicaca . 

• 

• 

3,250 

Europe 
Ladoga . . . 

7,000 

Asia 

Caspian 



169,000 

Aral 



26,000 

Baikal . . 



13,000 

Balkash 



8,500 

Dead Sea . 



350 


3.900 

2.900 
2,800 
1,600 
1,200 


Africa 

Victoria 

Nyasa . . . . 
Tanganyika . 
Chad , . . . 


32,000 

14,000 

14,000 

10,000 
















































XXIV 




































































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